Final Daily Exams XI MIPA & IPS

The 14th century epidemic of the “Black Death,” also called the black plague or bubonic plague, across Europe and Asia, has become one of the most infamous events in history. The plague killed 30-60 percent of the entire population of Europe, claiming a grand total of anywhere between 75 to 200 million lives. Population growth did not resume until a full century later, and the world population did not recover until the 17th century. The profound religious, social, and economic upheavals resulting from the Black Plague were permanent.

The massive death toll caused an extreme labor shortage, which meant higher wages for the peasants and a greater choice of who they wanted to work for. The land was plentiful, and lords were forced to try and make conditions more attractive to the peasants. Serfdom all but disappeared as a result, and this “golden age” of prosperity would not be soon forgotten. Decades later, when the feudal lords tried to roll back these benefits and return to the old ways, the result was widespread peasant revolts. The Black Death also helped break the absolute authority of the Catholic Church.

What problem is discussed in the text?

• The massive death of labour

• An epidemic known as “Black Death”

• An infamous event namely “Black Death”

• The death of half population in the world

• The social and economic disruptions in Europe.

Very little is known about Icarus’s early life. We know that he was the son of Daedalus, the master craftsman, and Naucrate, a slave at King Minos’s Palace at Knossos. Daedalus was under the employ of King Minos and besides crafting tools and other items for the king, he helped Pasiphae seduce the bull who eventually impregnated her.

The end result of this deception was the Minotaur, a creature that was half man and half bull. Enraged, King Minos enlisted Daedalus’s help in creating the Labyrinth, which became the Minotaur’s prison and ultimate demise.

Even though Daedalus helped the king, Minos still blamed him for helping Pasiphae seduce the bull. So he trapped Daedalus inside the Labyrinth that he created. His son, Icarus, became a prisoner with him, too.

While locked inside the Labyrinth, Daedalus knew that he had to find a way for them escape. Therefore, he created two pairs of wings – one for himself and one for Icarus. These wings were designed to help them escape from the Labyrinth.

Because Daedalus was a brilliant inventor, he was able to create a pair of wings that worked. The wings were made up of feathers that were bound together by pieces of melted wax. Once the wings were completed, Daedalus knew that the wings would help them fly out of the Labyrinth and away from the island of Crete.

When Daedalus gave wings to his son, Icarus, he cautioned him not to get too zealous. He knew that flying was a different feeling because humans aren’t typically able to fly, and he was concerned that Icarus would overdo it and cause himself harm. His biggest caution was to avoid flying too close to the sun.

As soon as Icarus put on his wings, his father’s warnings were forgotten. He was so engrossed with flying that he didn’t even notice that he was flying into the sun. Before long, the sun melted the wax and the wings fell apart. Icarus fell to his death. To this day, the part of the sea where Icarus fell bears his name. The Icarian Sea is located off the coast of the island of Ikaria.

The story is about ….

• King Minos’ bad temper

• the greatness of Daedalus

• the legend of the Icarian Sea

• a master of craftmans and his son

• A. a half man and half bull creature

Very little is known about Icarus’s early life. We know that he was the son of Daedalus, the master craftsman, and Naucrate, a slave at King Minos’s Palace at Knossos. Daedalus was under the employ of King Minos and besides crafting tools and other items for the king, he helped Pasiphae seduce the bull who eventually impregnated her.

The end result of this deception was the Minotaur, a creature that was half man and half bull. Enraged, King Minos enlisted Daedalus’s help in creating the Labyrinth, which became the Minotaur’s prison and ultimate demise.

Even though Daedalus helped the king, Minos still blamed him for helping Pasiphae seduce the bull. So he trapped Daedalus inside the Labyrinth that he created. His son, Icarus, became a prisoner with him, too.

While locked inside the Labyrinth, Daedalus knew that he had to find a way for them escape. Therefore, he created two pairs of wings – one for himself and one for Icarus. These wings were designed to help them escape from the Labyrinth.

Because Daedalus was a brilliant inventor, he was able to create a pair of wings that worked. The wings were made up of feathers that were bound together by pieces of melted wax. Once the wings were completed, Daedalus knew that the wings would help them fly out of the Labyrinth and away from the island of Crete.

When Daedalus gave wings to his son, Icarus, he cautioned him not to get too zealous. He knew that flying was a different feeling because humans aren’t typically able to fly, and he was concerned that Icarus would overdo it and cause himself harm. His biggest caution was to avoid flying too close to the sun.

As soon as Icarus put on his wings, his father’s warnings were forgotten. He was so engrossed with flying that he didn’t even notice that he was flying into the sun. Before long, the sun melted the wax and the wings fell apart. Icarus fell to his death. To this day, the part of the sea where Icarus fell bears his name. The Icarian Sea is located off the coast of the island of Ikaria.

How is paragraph 5 different from paragraph 7?

• Paragraph 5 is Daedalus’ plan to teach Icarus to fly while paragraph 7 is about how Icarus fell to the sea.

• Paragraph 5 is about the materials used to make the wings while paragraph 7 is about the location of the Icarian sea

• Paragraph 5 is about Daedalus’ success in making a pair of wings while paragraph 7 is about how Icarus fell to the sea

• Paragraph 5 is about the materials used to make the wings while paragraph 7 is about Daedalus’ success in making a pair of wings

• Paragraph 5 is about the Labyrinth used to imprison Daedalus while paragraph 7 is about the coast of the island of Ikaria

Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most healthcare settings alcohol-based hand sanitizers are preferable to handwashing with soap and water. However, hand sanitizers come with certain side effects.

Firstly, hand sanitizer can increase the risk of eczema. Using a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol may increase the risk of hand dermatitis or 'eczema’ because of the "increased contact with irritants and allergens.' This commonly manifests on the skin with redness, dryness, cracks, and even blisters that cause itch or pain," Caroline Nelson, M.D. a Yale Medicine dermatologist and instructor at Yale School of Medicine, says.

Secondly, hand sanitizer can irritate our skin. They are antiseptic products—they are formulated to disinfect the skin. Vanessa Thomas, a cosmetic chemist, and founder of Freelance Formulations says "The primary disinfecting ingredient in hand sanitizer formulas is ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, and they are formulated along with thickeners softeners and sometimes fragrances to curtail the strong smell of alcohol. Frequent use of it can cause skin irritation, or dry out the skin. If you have sensitive skin, the effects can be worse. The drying out is caused by alcohol."

Thirdly, "the overuse of alcohol-based hand sanitizers to safeguard against the germs and infection-causing pathogens could inversely increase the risk of infection via skin disorders. Overdoing may remove benign bacteria on the skin that is not good," says Dr. Norris.

The final thought from the doctors is that hand sanitizers are a good alternative to reduce potentially infectious microbial load—such as viruses, bacteria, fungus—on the hands or skin, if soap and water is not immediately available but it is not as good as soap. Relying on hand sanitizers to keep hands clean may not be your best strategy.

What is the text concerned with?

• The benefits of hand sanitizer

• The formulation in hand sanitizer

• The bad impacts of hand sanitizer

• The irritation caused by hand sanitizer

• The doctors’ recommendation related to hand sanitizer

Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most healthcare settings alcohol-based hand sanitizers are preferable to handwashing with soap and water. However, hand sanitizers come with certain side effects.

Firstly, hand sanitizer can increase the risk of eczema. Using a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol may increase the risk of hand dermatitis or 'eczema’ because of the "increased contact with irritants and allergens.' This commonly manifests on the skin with redness, dryness, cracks, and even blisters that cause itch or pain," Caroline Nelson, M.D. a Yale Medicine dermatologist and instructor at Yale School of Medicine, says.

Secondly, hand sanitizer can irritate our skin. They are antiseptic products—they are formulated to disinfect the skin. Vanessa Thomas, a cosmetic chemist, and founder of Freelance Formulations says "The primary disinfecting ingredient in hand sanitizer formulas is ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, and they are formulated along with thickeners softeners and sometimes fragrances to curtail the strong smell of alcohol. Frequent use of it can cause skin irritation, or dry out the skin. If you have sensitive skin, the effects can be worse. The drying out is caused by alcohol."

Thirdly, "the overuse of alcohol-based hand sanitizers to safeguard against the germs and infection-causing pathogens could inversely increase the risk of infection via skin disorders. Overdoing may remove benign bacteria on the skin that is not good," says Dr. Norris.

The final thought from the doctors is that hand sanitizers are a good alternative to reduce potentially infectious microbial load—such as viruses, bacteria, fungus—on the hands or skin, if soap and water is not immediately available but it is not as good as soap. Relying on hand sanitizers to keep hands clean may not be your best strategy.

The main idea of paragraph 2 is ….

• hand sanitizer contains irritants and allergens

• hand sanitizer can trigger to hand dermatitis or 'eczema’

• using hand sanitizer is not recommended by dermatologists

• the primary ingredient in hand sanitizer is ethyl or isopropyl alcohol

• skin redness, dryness, cracks, and blisters can cause itch or pain

Frequent use of hand sanitizer can cause skin irritation … its formula consists of alcohol, softeners, and fragrances.

• due to

• because

• although

• because of

• as long as

Hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most healthcare settings alcohol-based hand sanitizers are preferable to handwashing with soap and water. However, hand sanitizers come with certain side effects.

Firstly, hand sanitizer can increase the risk of eczema. Using a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol may increase the risk of hand dermatitis or 'eczema’ because of the "increased contact with irritants and allergens.' This commonly manifests on the skin with redness, dryness, cracks, and even blisters that cause itch or pain," Caroline Nelson, M.D. a Yale Medicine dermatologist and instructor at Yale School of Medicine, says.

Secondly, hand sanitizer can irritate our skin. They are antiseptic products—they are formulated to disinfect the skin. Vanessa Thomas, a cosmetic chemist, and founder of Freelance Formulations says "The primary disinfecting ingredient in hand sanitizer formulas is ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, and they are formulated along with thickeners softeners and sometimes fragrances to curtail the strong smell of alcohol. Frequent use of it can cause skin irritation, or dry out the skin. If you have sensitive skin, the effects can be worse. The drying out is caused by alcohol."

Thirdly, "the overuse of alcohol-based hand sanitizers to safeguard against the germs and infection-causing pathogens could inversely increase the risk of infection via skin disorders. Overdoing may remove benign bacteria on the skin that is not good," says Dr. Norris.

The final thought from the doctors is that hand sanitizers are a good alternative to reduce potentially infectious microbial load—such as viruses, bacteria, fungus—on the hands or skin, if soap and water is not immediately available but it is not as good as soap. Relying on hand sanitizers to keep hands clean may not be your best strategy.

Readers who agree with the writer’s opinion will most probably ….

• stop using hand sanitizer

• be a hand sanitizer manufacturer

• use hand sanitizer more and more

• use hand sanitizer only when soap and water are not available

• consult the doctor whether he/she is allowed to use hand sanitizer

Dear Pram,

As you already know, I have recently finished my postgraduate degree and will be leaving for Denpasar at the end of this week. Please consider this to be my sincere goodbye to you.

I want you to know that I am leaving here with truly mixed feelings; happy about finishing my education, but sad to be leaving the school where I have had so many unforgettable moments with you. The last two years as an English teacher at our great school was the best period of my career so far. I learned a great deal and worked with you, whom, I am sure, I will remain a good friend for a long time. I can only hope that our friendship will never end.

Thank you so much for making my time at the school a truly enjoyable one. Let’s keep in touch. Speak to me before I leave on Friday and I will be happy to give you my new phone number and e-mail address.

My very best wishes for the future go out to you.

`

Yours sincerely, Melody

What is the relationship between Pram and Melody?

• Siblings

• Colleagues

• Old friends

• A teacher and a student

• A headmaster and a teacher

Dear Pram,

As you already know, I have recently finished my postgraduate degree and will be leaving for Denpasar at the end of this week. Please consider this to be my sincere goodbye to you.

I want you to know that I am leaving here with truly mixed feelings; happy about finishing my education, but sad to be leaving the school where I have had so many unforgettable moments with you. The last two years as an English teacher at our great school was the best period of my career so far. I learned a great deal and worked with you, whom, I am sure, I will remain a good friend for a long time. I can only hope that our friendship will never end.

Thank you so much for making my time at the school a truly enjoyable one. Let’s keep in touch. Speak to me before I leave on Friday and I will be happy to give you my new phone number and e-mail address.

My very best wishes for the future go out to you.

`

Yours sincerely, Melody

Why did Melody think that being at the school was memorable?

• She met Pram

• She got a lot of friends

• The school was a great school

• She learned a lot and worked with Pram

• She taught English at the school

Dear Pram,

As you already know, I have recently finished my postgraduate degree and will be leaving for Denpasar at the end of this week. Please consider this to be my sincere goodbye to you.

I want you to know that I am leaving here with truly mixed feelings; happy about finishing my education, but sad to be leaving the school where I have had so many unforgettable moments with you. The last two years as an English teacher at our great school was the best period of my career so far. I learned a great deal and worked with you, whom, I am sure, I will remain a good friend for a long time. I can only hope that our friendship will never end.

Thank you so much for making my time at the school a truly enjoyable one. Let’s keep in touch. Speak to me before I leave on Friday and I will be happy to give you my new phone number and e-mail address.

My very best wishes for the future go out to you.

`

Yours sincerely, Melody

Melody wrote the letter to Pram to ….

• say goodbye

• tell her true feelings

• ask him to send emails

• inform that she has mixed feelings

• tell her that she has graduated