Public Health, Prevention and Management of Disease

Bias is

• a measure of the errors that cause results to deviate from the truth

• a factor that supports the result

• an insignificant error from the truth

Meta analysis refers to

• when only 50% of the research studies obtained from a systematic review are accepted

• an accurate way of compiling data

• the quantitative combination of results from several studies identified in a systematic review

Blinding involves

• participants in a study knowing information that may somehow influence them

• having investigators and participants not aware of interventions that might influence them

• participants not knowing which food was consumed when filling in a 24 hr recall

Confounding factors are

• variables which can impact the result when a cause-effect relationship is being measured

• variables directly involved in a cause-effect relationship

• none of these

Placebo is

• the actual treatment that a group of participants receive in a study

• the outcome of a study

• a treatment given to the control group which looks similar to that given to the group under actual treatment

An ecological framework to target an individual's physical activity behaviour involves:

• the structural and social environment

• the structural environment only

• the factors that impact the individual at a personal level only

Consumer based planning models

• follow the concepts use in business marketing

• dictate a specific behaviour for improving one's health

• are uneccaplable in health promotion campaigns

The MATCH model:

• emphasis more on programme assessment rather than implementation

• emphasis more on programme implementation rathr than assessment

• is a gold standard model

The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model used for health promotion

• is considered as the gold standard for health promotion

• uses an ecological approach to planning

• is highly unreliable

A systematic review involves

• appraising several studies about a topic of research without drawing conclusions about it

• compiling data from various studies about a research topic followed by a general conclusion about it

• looking for confounding factors in current studies