IC 3 Test Review

_________ can cause beneficial variations for organisms to become better adapted to their environments.

• Mutations

• Crossing over

• Random fertilization

• Independent assortment

Mutations during DNA replication and due to external environmental factors, as well as processes during meiosis can lead to

• cloning.

• genetic variation.

• extinction.

• negative consequences only.

Mutations that can be passed on to successive generations can arise from radiation, chemicals, or viruses AND must be present in an organisms

• muscle cells.

• somatic cells.

• gametes.

• skin cells.

Compare and contrast gene mutations and chromosomal mutations.

• Gene mutations affect entire chromosomes while chromosomal mutations occur only on specific genes.

• Gene mutations only affect a small number of cell types while chromosomal mutations affect whole organisms.

• Gene mutations affect whole organisms while chromosomal mutations affect only a small number of cell types.

• Gene mutations occur on specific pieces of DNA while chromosomal mutations affect entire chromosomes.

One nucleotide base is swapped for another.

• Base-pair substitution

• Base insertion mutation

• Base deletion mutation

• Frameshift mutation

One or more extra nucleotide bases are added to a strand of DNA.

• Base-pair substitution

• Base insertion mutation

• Base deletion mutation

• Frameshift mutation

One or more extra nucleotide bases are removed from a strand of DNA.

• Base-pair substitution

• Base insertion mutation

• Base deletion mutation

• Frameshift mutation

A type of mutation resulting from a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotide bases.

• Base-pair substitution

• Base insertion mutation

• Base deletion mutation

• Frameshift mutation

MOST gene mutations are ___________ but a few can be either _________ or ___________.

• neutral; harmful; beneficial

• harmful; adaptive; negative

• neutral; negative; maladaptive

• positive; negative; fixed

Duplication is a mutation where

• one or more nucleotide bases are deleted.

• one or more nucleotide bases are added.

• one or more nucleotide bases or chromosomes are repeated.

• one or more nucleotide bases are reversed.