PHC112 Lec 2 Orientation

An electron-donating substituent makes the ring more

• activated

• de-activated

An electron –withdrawing substituent makes the ring

• deactivated

• activated

• has no effect on the reaction rate

A strong activating group like NH₂ will direct the new substituent to the

• any position

• meta positions

• ortho and para positions

Halogens are

• o,p directing and activating

• o,p directing and de-activating

• meta directing and activating

Arenes are

• alkyl benzenes

• chloro benzenes