GED science 11

Which statement correctly explains the lack of variation in daylight hours over the

course of the year?

• The length of the day is not dependent on daylight saving time.

• Kenya receives direct sun all year long because it is on the equator.

• Countries in the northern and southern hemispheres have opposite seasons.

• The Earth’s rotation places Kenya an equal distance from the sun during spring and fall.

The equation for photosynthesis is shown below.

6CO + 6H O + Energy → C H O + 6O

Which of these correctly identi􀃕es the reactants in the equation?

• glucose, oxygen

• carbon dioxide, water

• oxygen, carbon dioxide

• oxygen, water, glucose

• graph A

• graph B

• graph C

• graph D

The diagram below shows the di􀃠erence between an eye with normal vision and one

with nearsighted vision.

Which part of the eye is best described as a layer at the back of the eye containing light

sensitive cells that trigger nerve impulses to the brain?

• lens

• pupil

• retina

• focus point

Water moves easily across cell membranes through special protein-lined channels. If

the total concentration of all dissolved solutes is not equal on both sides, there will be

a net movement of water molecules into or out of the cell. The diagram below shows

red blood cells in solutions with three di􀃠erent salt concentrations.

According to this diagram, when will homeostasis occur in red blood cells?

• when the osmotic pressure of water is equal

• when the concentration of salt is higher outside the cell

• when the amount of water inside the cell is higher than outside the cell

• when the osmotic 􀃖ow of water out of the cell is greater than salt solution inside the cell

Tetanus is a non-contagious infection caused by rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria,

Clostridium tetani. C. tetani affects skeletal muscles by releasing an endotoxin

manufactured in the outer portion of the cell wall. The toxin infects the central

nervous system and causes prolonged muscle spasms. Infection occurs through

contamination of wounds and can be prevented by proper immunization. Most

developed countries provide tetanus vaccinations as a standard of health care.Often, tetanus is associated with rust. Rusting occurs when oxygen, water, and

iron interact in a process called oxidation. Over time, the iron mass will convert

to iron oxide, or rust. A rusted surface provides a thriving environment for

organisms with low-oxygen needs.

Tetanus occurs worldwide, but is most common in hot, damp climates with

manure-treated soils. C. tetani endospores are widely distributed in the intestines

of many animals such as cattle, chickens, and sheep.

Use the following to answer question 8.

Tetanus is a non-contagious infection caused by rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria,

Clostridium tetani. C. tetani affects skeletal muscles by releasing an endotoxin

manufactured in the outer portion of the cell wall. The toxin infects the central

Based on the explanation presented in the passage, why is tetanus strongly prevalent

in third-world countries such as India and those found in Africa?

• because these countries have soil that is hot and dry, allowing the bacteria

  to fourish

• because these countries contain large numbers of people, allowing the

  infection to spread

• C. because these countries use more iron, which converts to rust

• because these countries are less likely to be able to provide tetanus

  vaccinations

The diagram below shows some basic components of bacterial cells.

Based on the information in the passage and in the diagram, which cellular component

is responsible for both the shape of Clostridium tetani and endotoxin production?

• DNA

• cell wall

• cytoplasm

• cell membrane

Bufo marinus, commonly referred to as the cane toad, can measure 6–9 inches

long and weigh up to 4 pounds. The cane toad is nocturnal, breeds year round,

and releases a toxin from the shoulders that is fatal to vertebrates. It eats

crawling insects, small birds, mammals, and other amphibians, including smaller

cane toads. It is native to tropical America, but is permanently established in

Australia. In the 1930s, sugarcane farmers imported the toads to Australia in

attempts to control cane beetles.

Adult cane beetles measure about 13 millimeters long and are black, hardshelled,

dome-shaped flying insects with strong legs. They eat the leaves of sugar

cane while their larvae hatch underground and destroy the roots. The flying

beetles and burrowing larvae are difficult to eradicate. There is no evidence that

the introduced cane toads have had any impact on cane beetle populations. Cane toads have, however, had a significant impact on Australian ecology, including

the depletion of native species that die when eating cane toads, the poisoning of

pets and humans, and the decline of native animals preyed upon by the toads.

While many populations of native species declined in the decades following the

introduction of cane toads, some are now beginning to recover. One species of

crow has even learned how to eat cane toads from the underbelly in order to avoid the venom.

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the theory that the behaviors of

other organisms are limiting resources for young cane toads?

• Adult cane toads often prey on juvenile cane toads.

• Cane beetle larvae are buried underground and are inaccessible to cane

  toads.

• Adult cane beetles have heavy exoskeletons and the ability to fly.

• Cane toad tadpoles can only exist in aquatic environments.

Bufo marinus, commonly referred to as the cane toad, can measure 6–9 inches

long and weigh up to 4 pounds. The cane toad is nocturnal, breeds year round,

and releases a toxin from the shoulders that is fatal to vertebrates. It eats

crawling insects, small birds, mammals, and other amphibians, including smaller

cane toads. It is native to tropical America, but is permanently established in

Australia. In the 1930s, sugarcane farmers imported the toads to Australia in

attempts to control cane beetles.

Adult cane beetles measure about 13 millimeters long and are black, hardshelled,

dome-shaped flying insects with strong legs. They eat the leaves of sugar

cane while their larvae hatch underground and destroy the roots. The flying

beetles and burrowing larvae are difficult to eradicate. There is no evidence that

the introduced cane toads have had any impact on cane beetle populations. Cane

toads have, however, had a significant impact on Australian ecology, including

the depletion of native species that die when eating cane toads, the poisoning of pets and humans, and the decline of native animals preyed upon by the toads.

While many populations of native species declined in the decades following the

introduction of cane toads, some are now beginning to recover. One species of

crow has even learned how to eat cane toads from the underbelly in order to

avoid the venom.

Based on the information in the passage, which of these terms best describes the

effect seen in crows that eat cane toads?

• speciation

• adaptation

• development

• homeostasis

Every chemical reaction needs a certain amount of energy to get started, as illustrated

in the graph below.

What type of reaction is shown?

• endothermic, because energy is required after activation to continue the reaction

• exothermic, because additional energy is needed in order to complete the reaction

• exothermic, because the energy level of the products is lower than the energy level of the starting materials

• endothermic, because the energy level of the 􀃕nal materials is higher than that of the starting materials