Ecology Review

In a certain population, the death rate is greater than the birth rate from year 1 to year 2, and the immigration rate equals the emigration rate. Which of the following graphs represents this information?

• A

• B

• C

• D

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The diagram below shows part of an ocean food web. Which of the following changes will most likely occur if the sea otter population decreases?

• The shark population will increase

• The seaweed population will increase

• The small fish population will increase.

• The sea urchin population will increase

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Many individuals in wild animal populations die at a young age. Which of the following factors most directly limits lifespan and therefore has a large effect on a species' population size?

• low birth rate

• low immigration rate

• high prey numbers

• high predator numbers

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The heath hen was a wild bird that was once common from New England to Virginia. By 1900, habitat changes and hunting by humans had reduced the heath hen population size to about 100 birds. The species became extinct in 1932.

Which of the following would have been most effective in preventing the decline in the population size of wild heath hens?

• vaccinating baby heath hens against human diseases

• establishing protected natural areas where heath hens lived

• introducing new bird species to put selective pressure on heath hens

• attaching metal bands to the legs of heath hens to identify them as a protected species

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The cardinal is a type of bird. Which of the following would increase the size of a population of cardinals in a forest?

• an increase in the birth rate of cardinals

• an increase in the death rate of cardinals

• increased emigration of young cardinals from the forest ecosystem

• increased immigration of cardinal predators into the forest ecosystem

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The growth of plants in many ecosystems is limited by the supply of nitrogen. Which of the following groups of organisms plays the largest role in moving nitrogen between the atmosphere and plants?

• bacteria

• earthworms

• insects

• protists

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Which of the following statements describes one way that energy is transferred in a food web?

• Plants provide energy to consumers.

• Energy is cycled between producers.

• Producers store energy made by animals.

• Consumers obtain energy directly from sunlight.

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A population of mosquito larvae is living in a large pond. Mosquitofish are a type of fish that eat mosquito larvae.

Which of the following describes a direct effect on the population of mosquito larvae when mosquitofish are introduced to the pond?

• births decrease

• deaths increase

• emigration increases

• immigration decreases

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There are many fungus species that live inside plant tissues. What determines whether the relationship between a fungus and a plant is commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism?

• where the fungus is located in the plant

• how long the fungus survives in the plant

• whether the fungus reproduces in the plant with spores, seeds, or runners

• whether the effect of the fungus on the plant is neutral, positive, or negative

The green sea turtle is an endangered species. The graph above shows the estimated number of green sea turtle nests on a beach in Costa Rica between 1970 and 2003.

Based on the information in the graph, which of the following is the most likely way humans affected the green sea turtle population during this time?

• Humans passed laws preventing the collection of green sea turtles.

• Humans collected more green sea turtle eggs for scientists to study.

• Humans passed laws protecting animals that eat green sea turtle eggs.

• Humans built more hotels on the beach where green sea turtles build nests.

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