High School Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

let's talk groups!

• Groups (also called families) are the vertical (up and down) columns on the periodic table

• There are 18 groups on the periodic table BUT only groups 1 and 2 and 13-18 follow any sort of pattern.

• The group number can help you quickly figure out the number of valence electrons.

The Group Pattern

• The bolded number at the top of the group tell the number of valence electrons the group has.

• Group 1 has 1 valence electron

• Group 2 has 2 valence electrons            

• Group 13 has 3 valence electrons      

• Group 14 = 4, 15 = 5, 16 = 6, 17 = 7

• Group 18 has 8 valence electrons (a full outer shell, except for Helium)

Multiple Choice

Valence electrons are

• the electrons in the outer most energy level

• all the electrons in the atom

Multiple Choice

What are the vertical columns on the Periodic Table called?

• groups

• periods

• nonmetals

• metals

• metalloids

Multiple Choice

Which elements have a full set of valence electrons?

• period 1

• group 1

• period 18

• group 18

Multiple Choice

Which elements have 5 valence electrons?

• period 5

• group 5

• period 15

• group 15

Multiple Choice

What do the vertical columns on the periodic table tell us?

• The number of orbitals

• The number of valence electrons (electrons on the outer most shell)

Electron Shells

• Each element in each period have the same number of electron shells.

• Hydrogen (1e-) and Helium (2e-) are in period 1 and have 1 electron shell.

• Lithium (3e-), Carbon (6e-), Oxygen (8e-), and Neon (10e-) are all in period 2 and have 2 electron shells.

Multiple Choice

What are the columns referred to on the Periodic Table of Elements?

• Families or groups

• Periods

Multiple Choice

What are the rows referred to on the Periodic Table of Elements?

• Families or groups

• Periods

Multiple Choice

Atomic Mass equals the combined number of

• Protons and Electrons

• Electrons and Neutrons

• Protons and Neutrons

Multiple Choice

Which elements have 7 valence electrons?

• period 7

• group 17

• period 17

• group 7

Multiple Choice

The chemical symbol for an element is always represented by only 1 letter

• True

• False

Organic Chemistry- The study of carbon & carbon compounds.

Organic compounds are the primary constituents of all living organisms.

​What is organic chemistry?

The study of carbon compounds.

​

​Carbon

• ​the backbone of biological molecules

Why is carbon essential to life on Earth?

• 6th element on the periodic table

• A compound found mainly in living things is known as an organic compound.

• Carbon is the main element in organic compounds

Significance of Carbon

Multiple Choice

Carbon is essential to life because it is the main element in inorganic compounds.

• True

• False

Carbon makes organic compounds, so what?

• A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements.

• The smallest particle of a compound is called a molecule.

• Consider water: two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen. Held together by chemical bonds.

• A chemical bond is a force that holds molecules together; they are formed from reactions.

Multiple Choice

What is the an important element for living things.

• Neon

• Hydrogen

• Helium

• Carbon

Multiple Choice

Which of these element(s) will C form bonds with?

• C

• H

• O

• N

• all of these

Multiple Choice

What type of compounds have at least 1C atom bonded to at least 1H atom?bon

• inorganic

• organic

• ionic

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an organic compound that makes up living things?

• carbohydrates

• salts

• oxides

• hydrocarbons

​Carbon and Covalent bonds

• ​Carbon has 4 valence electrons (outer shell electrons)

• ​Allows for several types of covalent bonds.

Covalent Bonds

• Covalent bonds exist between NONMETAL and NONMETAL.

  —Example: H2, H2O, NO3, CH4

  —

• Covalent bonds SHARE electrons.

• Shared electrons don’t belong to either atom.

Multiple Choice

How many bonds will a C atom form?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

What two types of atoms make a covalent bond?

• 2 Nonmetals

• 1 Nonmetal and 1 Metal

• 2 Metals

• 2 Noble Gases

Multiple Choice

How are covalent bonds explained?

• When one atom takes the other atom's electron

• When the atom shares an electron with an another atom

• When the two nucleus merge

• When the neutrons leave the nucleus

Organic Compounds

• Covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides.

• Few exceptions, such as Na₂CO₃, CO, and CO₂, that are considered inorganic.

• All organic compounds contain carbon atoms.

• Aspirin, polyethylene in plastic bags, citric acid in the fruit, and amino acids in animals are all examples of organic compounds.

​Carbon and Covalent bonds

• ​able to form chains

​

​

• ​able to form rings

Carbon atom is unique

• Ability to form long chains and rings of covalently bonded atoms.

• Catenation, the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings.

• Carbon atoms bind readily to elements with similar electronegativities.

Carbon atom is unique

• Hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen; they are the simplest organic compounds

• Other organic compounds contain hydrocarbon backbones to which other elements, primarily O, N, S, and the halogens, are attached.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following elements is required in an organic compound?

• nitrogen

• oxygen

• carbon

• sodium

Carbon atom is unique

• Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds (4 valence electrons) with other carbon or other elements.

• The bonding capabilities of carbon also allow for different arrangements of atoms

Fill in the Blank

How many valency does carbon have

Multiple Choice

C stands for?

• cat

• calcium

• carbon

• crypton

Multiple Choice

How many chemical bonds can each carbon atom form?

• one

• two

• three

• four

​Macromolecule Formation

• ​Monomers

  • ​small units that can join together to form polymers

• ​Polymers

  • ​large compounds formed from combinations of many monomers

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a unique nature of carbon?

• Forms 4 strong covalent bonds

• It can form only one type of bond

• It has the ability to form stable bonds with itself

• It can form multiple bonds

Multiple Choice

Which type of bonding is present within organic molecules?

• Covalent bond

• Ionic bond

• Metallic bond

• Hydrogen bond

Multiple Choice

How many unpaired electrons does carbon have when it is excited?

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Multiple Choice

This unique ability of carbon is defined as the ability of atoms to form stable bonds.

• Polar Bonding

• Carbonation

• Covalent Bonding

• Catenation

Multiple Choice

Which two elements do most organic compounds contain?

• Carbon and hydrogen

• Carbon and oxygen

• Oxygen and hydrogen

• Carbon and nitrogen

​Worksheet

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

• Mostly built up of only three elements- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Other elements like halogen, nitrogen as well as phosphorous are also present but to a lesser extent.

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

• Possess complex structures and high molecular weights

• Their properties are decided by certain active atom or group of atoms known as the functional group.

• They are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

• 
  

​4 types of polymers

• ​Carbohydrates

• ​Lipids

• ​Proteins

• ​Nucleic acids

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

• They are combustible in nature

• They have low melting points – due to weak intermolecular forces.

• Chemical reactions involving organic compounds proceed at slower rates.

• They react slower than ionic compounds – due to strong covalent bonds between atoms.

Multiple Choice

The four organic compounds found in living things are?

• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Oxygen

• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Carbon

• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

• Carbon, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Open Ended

Give at least four (4) characteristics of organic compounds.

Representing Organic Molecules

Simply shows the number of each type of atom present. It tells you nothing about the bonding within the compound

Macromolecule Chart Carbohydrates

• ​Elements

  • ​C

  • ​H

  • ​O

• ​Monomer

  • ​C, H, O in a 1-2-1 ratio

Representing Organic Molecules

Gives the simplest possible whole number ratio of the different types of atom within the compound.

Macromolecule Chart​

​Carbohydrates

• ​Function(s)

  • ​energy

  • storage

  • structure

• ​Examples

  • ​glucose

  • ​starch

  • ​glycogen

Representing Organic Molecules

A text-based, each carbon atom is listed separately, with atoms attached to it following. An exception is cyclic parts of molecules, e.g. benzene, where the carbons are grouped.

Macromolecule Chart​ Carbohydrates

• ​Function(s)

  • ​energy

  • ​storage

  • ​structure

Representing Organic Molecules

Shows all of the atoms and all of the bonds present in an organic compound. The bonds are represented as lines.

Macromolecule Chart​ Carbohydrates

• ​Examples

  • ​glucose

  • ​starch

  • ​glycogen

  • sucrose

Representing Organic Molecules

Similar to the displayed formula-not all bonds are shown, although all atoms are still indicated using subscript numbers. Carbon-hydrogen bonds are often simplified.

Macromolecule Chart​: Carbohydrates

• ​Unusual Information

• ​Monosaccharide

  • simple sugar

    glucose

Representing Organic Molecules

In a skeletal formula, most hydrogen atoms are omitted, and line ends or vertices represent carbons. Functional groups and atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are still shown. Easiest to draw & commonly used.

Macromolecule Chart​: Carbohydrates

• ​Unusual Information

• Disaccharide

  • 2 simple sugars

  • sucrose

Multiple Choice

The formula is an example of ...

• Skeletal formula

• Structural formula

• Displayed formula

• Condensed formula

Macromolecule Chart​: Carbohydrates

• ​Unusual Information

• Polysaccharide

  • many simple sugars

  • starch/glycoge

Multiple Choice

This represents a...

• Condensed formula

• Structural formula

• Displayed formula

• Skeletal formula

Multiple Choice

The monomer Glucose/Monosaccharides make up the polymer....

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

• Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

This is an example of...

• Molecular formula

• Empirical formula

• Condensed formula

• Displayed formula

Multiple Choice

What is the ratio carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in carbohydrates?

• 1:1:1
• 1:2:1
• 2:1:1
• 2:1:2

Fill in the Blank

What is the molecular formula of the compound?

Multiple Choice

This molecule could be the building block of...

• nucleic acids

• proteins

• lipids

• polysaccharides

• waxes

Open Ended

What have you learned from today's lesson? List as many as you can.

Macromolecule Chart​ Lipids

• ​Elements

  • ​C

  • ​H

• ​Monomer

  • ​Glycerol

    • ​3 Carbons

    • ​1 alcohol

    • ​3 fatty acid chain

Macromolecule Chart​ Lipids

• ​Function(s)

  • ​store energy

  • ​biological membranes

  • waterproof covering

  • ​hormones

  • ​structural support

• ​

Macromolecule Chart​ Lipids

• ​Examples

  • ​fats

  • ​oils

  • ​waxes

  • steroids

  • ​corn oil

  • ​hormones

Macromolecule Chart​ Lipids

• ​Unusual Information

• ​Saturated

  • Each C in fatty acid chain has single bond with another C

Macromolecule Chart​ Lipids

• ​Unusual Information

• ​Monounsaturated

  • Have 1 C in fatty acid chain with a double bond to another C

Macromolecule Chart​ Lipids

• ​Unusual Information

• ​Polyunsaturated

  • 2 or more C in fatty acid chain have double bond with another C

Multiple Choice

Is this hydrocarbon saturated or unsaturated? 

• saturated
• unsaturated

Multiple Choice

The monomer Fatty acids make up the polymer....

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

• Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule is this a picture of?

• Protein
• Nucleic Acid
• Lipid
• Carbohydrate

Macromolecule Chart​: Nucleic Acids

• ​Elements

  • ​C

  • ​H

  • ​N

  • ​O

  • ​Phosphate (PO₄)

Macromolecule Chart​: Nucleic Acids

• ​Monomer

  • ​Nucleotides

    • ​5 carbon sugar

    • ​phosphate group

    • ​nitrogenous base

Macromolecule Chart​: Nucleic Acids

• ​Function(s)

  • ​store and transmit genetic information

  • ​biological membranes

  • blueprint for making proteins

Macromolecule Chart​: Nucleic Acids

• ​Examples

  • ​Deoxyribonucleic acid

    • ​DNA

  • RIbonucleic Acid

    • ​RNA

Macromolecule Chart​: Nucleic Acids

• ​Unusual Information

• ​in charge of characteristics of life

• ​at least 2 nucleotides combined by a covalent bonds

Multiple Choice

What are the monomers of DNA?

• glycerols
• amino acids
• fatty acids
• nucleotides

Multiple Choice

Building block of ...

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

The monomer Nucleotides make up the polymer....

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

• Carbohydrates

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Elements

  • ​C

  • ​H

  • ​N

  • ​O

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Monomer

  • ​Amino Acids

    • ​Amino group (NH)

    • ​Carboxyl group (COOH)

    • ​H off central C

    • ​R-group

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Function(s)

  • ​controls rate of reactions for life processes

  • ​forms bones and muscles

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Function(s)

  • ​transports substances in / out of cells

  • helps fight diseases

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Examples

  • ​Collagen

  • Carotene

  • ​Enzymes

  • ​Hemoglobin

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Unusual Information

• ​more than 20 amino acids (aa) formed in nature

• ​bind to other aa by binding amino group to carboxyl group

Macromolecule Chart​: Proteins

• ​Unusual Information​

• ​form poly peptide chains

• ​Fold into complex shapes

Multiple Choice

Proteins are composed of what smaller subunits?

• amino acids
• nucleic acids
• fatty acids
• nucleotides

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule is this a picture of? (Hint: it is made of amino acids)

• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is this?

• carbohydrate
• lipid
• protein
• nucleic acid

Multiple Choice

Which group of biomolecules provides quick energy to organisms?

• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

Which group of organic molecules serve as long-term energy storage and waterproof coverings?

• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

Which group of organic molecules speed up chemical reactions and serve as immune defense mechanisms?

• proteins
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids
• lipids

Multiple Choice

Genetic information is stored in which class of organic compounds?

• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates