Psych 101 Ch. 2 Research

​Chapter 2
Psychological
Research

Open Ended

On the Rolling Stone (magazine) list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, how many are from England?

#1 are the Beatles
#4 are the Rolling Stones

​

19

Open Ended

What percent of Apple's sales come from iphones?

When the first iPhone was announced in 2007, the iPod was Apple's best seller.

​

62.8% (from 2018 source)

Open Ended

What percent of the body's oxygen intake is used by the brain?

About 14% is used for electrical impulses and 6% for cell maintenance

​

20%

​Overconfidence:  We tend to think we know more than we do

Hindsight Bias:  The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have for-seen it along (“I knew it all a long phenomenon”)

Intuition:  the ability to understand some immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning

Psychology is a science, and it is therefore based on research. Though people are often guided effectively by their common intuition, sometimes it leads us astray. People have the tendency upon hearing about research findings (and many other things) to think that they knew it all along; this tendency is called hindsight bias. After an event occurs, it is relatively easy to explain why it happened. The goal of scientific research, however, is to predict what will happen in advance. An understanding of research methods is fundamental to psychology.

1.

Empirical Evidence
(Information acquired by
observation or
experimentation)

2.

Scientific Method

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Basic research: purse science
that aims to increase the
scientific knowledge base

Applied research: scientific
study that aims to solve
practical problems

Hypothesis
“Predictions”: Specific,
testable prediction about
what you expect to
happen in your study

●In order to test a claim
scientifically, it must be
possible that the claim could
also be proven false
(falsifiability)

THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

●Null hypothesis: no statistical relationship
and significance exists in a set of given
variables. The null hypothesis states that
the IV will have no effect on the DV, or that
any change in the DV will be due to chance.

An example of a null hypothesis could be: Listening to
dissonant rock music played at 100 decibels will have no
significant effect on adolescent girls’ ability to recall words
from a list of 30 words; any change in the individual’s ability to
recall a list of words is due to chance.

Match

Match the following

• Hypothesis

• Null hypothesis

• Applied research

• Critical Thinking

• Empirical Evidence

Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given variables.

 scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

“Smart thinking” that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

(Information acquired by observation or experimentation)

• Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

• no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given variables.

•  scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

• “Smart thinking” that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

• (Information acquired by observation or experimentation)

Multiple Choice

Psychology is considered a science mainly because it relies on direct observation. Which field of psychology supports this?

• Behaviorism

• Psychodynamic

• Social

• Cognitive

• Structuralism

Multiple Choice

After the events of 9/11, your friend suggested that the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. According to her, all the clues were there. This perception most clearly illustrates:

• intuition

• the hindsight bias

• psychodynamic approach

• the placebo effect

Multiple Choice

Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.

• biological

• social

• developmental

• industrial-organizational

Group Activity

Operational Definition of a smile!

Replace this with your body text.

​Duplicate this text as many times as you would like.

​

​Replace this with a header

Match

Match the following

• Qualitative Research

• Descriptive Research

• Hawthorne Effect

• 
  

  Observer Bias “Research Bias”

  
  re

Concerned with understanding human behaviour from the informant’s perspective

collect large amounts of relatively “unfiltered” data

Animals or people being watched do not behave normally, observer should be hidden from view

The tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see

• Concerned with understanding human behaviour from the informant’s perspective

• collect large amounts of relatively “unfiltered” data

• Animals or people being watched do not behave normally, observer should be hidden from view

• The tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see

Match

Match the following

• Hypothesis

• Null hypothesis

• Applied research

• Critical Thinking

• Empirical Evidence

Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given variables.

 scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

“Smart thinking” that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

(Information acquired by observation or experimentation)

• Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

• no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given variables.

•  scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

• “Smart thinking” that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

• (Information acquired by observation or experimentation)

Multiple Choice

If a researcher wants to be able to predict if two variables are related to each other they would use

• experimental research

• correlational research

• case study

• illusory research

Multiple Choice

If there was a boy who claimed he could see into the future, what kind of research method would you use to study him?

• Case study

• Survey

• Naturalistic observation

• Operational study

Multiple Choice

The advantage of this descriptive method of research is that it creates an immense amount of data to be gathered quickly and inexpensively.

• Survey

• Observational

• Correlational

• Experiments

• Case Study

Multiple Choice

Research finds that, in general, the higher an incoming college student scores on a given test, the higher the student's college GPA. Which of the following best describes this relationship?

• A bimodal distribution

• A normal distribution

• A skewed distribution

• A positive correlation

• A negative correlation

Multiple Choice

The study of behavior and mental processes.

• psychodynamic

• biology

• psychology

• humanistic

Multiple Choice

The factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment

• dependent variable

• independent variable

• confounding variable

Multiple Choice

 Variable that the experimenter did not account for initially that affected the dependent variable

• Independent Variable

• Dependent Variable

• confounding variables

Multiple Choice

The behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment (the effect)

• dependent variable

• independent variable

• random sample

Match

Match the following

• Experimental Group

• Population

• Representative Sample

• Random Sample

• Control Group

Group that is exposed to the independent variable, receives the experimental manipulation

The ______is everyone who can be in a study

 A group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole

Select people to participate in research - everyone in the population has an equal chance to be in

No treatment or some kind of treatment with no effect

• Group that is exposed to the independent variable, receives the experimental manipulation

• The ______is everyone who can be in a study

•  A group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole

• Select people to participate in research - everyone in the population has an equal chance to be in

• No treatment or some kind of treatment with no effect

Match

Match the following

• Hypothesis

• Null hypothesis

• Applied research

• Critical Thinking

• Empirical Evidence

Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given variables.

 scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

“Smart thinking” that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

(Information acquired by observation or experimentation)

• Specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

• no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given variables.

•  scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

• “Smart thinking” that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

• (Information acquired by observation or experimentation)

Multiple Choice

The subgroup of the population that participates in the study

• sample
• assignment
• group

Multiple Choice

The subgroup of the sample that receives the independent variable.

• experimental group
• control group
• population

Multiple Choice

Division of the sample into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or condition.

• single blind
• double blind
• random assignment
• random sampling

Multiple Choice

Research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in control group.

• single blind study
• case study
• double blind study

Multiple Choice

The comparison group, the subgroup of the sample that is similar to the experimental group in every way except for the presence of the independent variable. 

• experimental group
• control group
• population

Multiple Choice

The behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment (the effect)

• dependent variable
• independent variable
• random sample

Multiple Choice

All of the individuals in the gorup to which the study applies

• random sample
• population
• group

Multiple Choice

This is an example of

• Positive Skew

• Negative Skew

• Positive Correlation

• Negative Correlation

Multiple Choice

The ethical guideline for research in which participants must agree to be a part of the study is known as

• Informed consent

• Confidentiality

• Free from harm

• Debriefing

Multiple Choice

All of the following are American Psychological Association (APA) ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

• Research may not involve deception

• Participiation must be voluntary

• Participants must be informed of potential risks

• Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement

• Particpants' right to privacy must be protected

Multiple Choice

each time a study is repeated, the results are consistent.

• validity

• reliability

• sample

Multiple Choice

The extent to which an instrument measure what it is supposed to measure.

• reliability
• validity
• standardized

Multiple Choice

This research method is a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

• Case Study
• Survey
• Observational
• Correlational
• Experiments

Multiple Choice

This research method is a technique for ascertaining the self – reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

• Survey
• Observational
• Correlational
• Experiments
• Case Study

Multiple Choice

This research method is a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

• Correlational
• Experiments
• Case Study
• Survey
• Observational

Multiple Choice

This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).

• Experiments
• Case Study
• Survey
• Observational
• Correlational

Multiple Choice

All of the following are methods of psychological research EXCEPT

• Testing Method

• Latitudinal Study

• Case Study

• Longitudinal Study

Multiple Choice

The Naturalistic-Observation Method takes place...

• with a mouse

• in a house

• in the field

• in a lab

Multiple Choice

Why do humans tend to think we know more than we actually know?

• Overconfidence
• Humility
• Theory
• Curious Skepticism

Multiple Choice

Which correlation coefficient demonstrates the highest correlation?

• 0.92
• -0.38
• -0.11
• 0.67

Multiple Choice

Research to solve practical problems and has clear, practical applications

• basic research

• applied research

• survey

• experiment

Multiple Choice

What type of correlation is this?

• Strong positive correlation

• Weak positive correlation

• No correlation

• Weak negative correlation

Multiple Choice

The only type of research that can determine cause and effect is

• correlation

• case study

• survey

• experiment

Multiple Choice

Dr. Lee is interested in the effect of lighting on people's ability to concentrate. Dr. Lee studies this by manipulating the amount of lighting while participants read and then measuring their scores on a reading comprehension test. Which of the following research methods is Dr. Lee using?

• Case study

• Survey

• Correlational study

• Experiment

• Simulation

Multiple Choice

All of the following are American Psychological Association (APA) ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

• Research may not involve deception

• Participiation must be voluntary

• Participants must be informed of potential risks

• Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement

• Particpants' right to privacy must be protected