5.1 Review/Retest

5.1 Review/Retest

by Beth Mendenhall

​Scientific Revolution

​The Scientific Revolution was a time when people in Europe began to shift their thinking towards careful observation and questioning. This was a change from believing what people were told to believe by religious authorities or superstitions. It was pretty radical at the time. Several scientists suggested that instead of the sun moving around the earth, the earth moved around the sun. This theory, heliocentrism, went against church doctrine. A Polish scientist, Nicholas Copernicus, published his book right before he died in 1453. The church banned his books. Giordano Bruno, an Italian scholar, agreed with Copernicus and was burned at the stake in 1600.

Galileo Galilei​

​Galileo Galilei studied gravity, motion, and astronomy and agreed with both Copernicus and Bruno. The Catholic church forced him to take back his theories, and he spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

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Multiple Choice

How did the Catholic Church respond to Galileo's claim that the earth rotated around the sun? 

• He was burned at the stake

• He died before his books were published, but the church banned his books

• He was forced to take back his theories and lived the rest of his life under house arrest

• the church supported his findings and changed its teachings. 

I Think Therefore I Am​

​René Descartes promoted the idea of skepticism, or doubting everything until it can be proven. He was involved in a movement known as rationalism, or understanding the world by using reason. He said "I think, therefore, I am."

Open Ended

What is Rationalism? Describe it in your own words AND explain why it was a big change. 

​Age of Enlightenment

​Enlightenment thinkers talked about human nature, natural rights, and how people should be governed. Many of their ideas influence the way we live today and how many modern governments work.

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​Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that for a civil society, people give up some of their independence in order for society function. He called this a "Social Contract", the idea that people give up some natural rights in return for civil rights.

Multiple Choice

Which of these is an example of a Social Contract? 

• People protesting unfair laws

• People agree to traffic laws so that everyone can be safe

• people doing whatever they want with no government or rules

• free and fair elections

​Natural Rights

​John Locke said that people have natural rights---that included life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. He also argued that people are governed by consent---that is, they agree to be governed, and if the government is not meeting their needs and protecting their natural rights, they should overthrow that government.

Multiple Choice

How do John Locke's ideas promote revolution? 

• He believed without a strong government it would be chaotic

• He said people are governed by consent and should overthrow a government that doesn't protect natural rights

• He supported monarchies (kings and queens) because people were incapable of self rule

• He promoted the idea of three separate branches of government

​Thomas Hobbes

​Thomas Hobbes was another important Enlightenment thinker. He believed without a strong government, people would be in a constant state of war with each other and would have lives that were "nasty, brutish, and short." He thought people were naturally selfish and would only stop fighting if there was one strong ruler with a lot of power. Hobbes supported the Social Contract theory, but with a monarchy.

Multiple Choice

What kind of government did Thomas Hobbes support? 

• Direct Democracy

• A Republic

• Monarchy

• Anarchy

​Absolute Monarchs

​Absolute monarchs ruled with complete control and authority. They claimed to rule by "Divine Right", that is, with powers that came directly from God. Disagreeing with them meant disagreeing with God and was not tolerated. France's King Louis XIV and Russia's Tsar Peter the Great are examples of absolute monarchs.

Multiple Choice

Why did Absolute Monarchs have so much power? 

• They were very popular because their decisions were wise and good.

• They had been elected in a landslide election. 

• They claimed "Divine Right"-that their powers came from God. 

• They claimed to be descended from the gods. 

​Four elements of Revolutions

​Most revolutions have four elements---a dissident elite, mass frustration, shared motivation, and a state crisis.

Dissident Elites are the rich, powerful, and educated people who disagree with the government or rulers. In the case of the U.S. Revolution, dissident elites were unhappy about the taxes they were paying to England without representation.

​Mass frustration is when many people are upset with the government. In the French Revolution, masses of peasants rose up because of high bread prices and an unfair social class system.

Shared Motivation is when frustration crosses the boundaries between social classes. People join together to revolt but sometimes for different reasons---but enough to unify. In the Latin American revolutions, the Dissident Elites were joined by lower classes.

A State Crisis is when something happens that effects a nation---such as an economic collapse from fighting a war. ​

​Glorious Revolution

In 1688, the nobles of England asked William of Orange to take over as king because they did not like Catholic King James II and resented his plan to make his Catholic son become the king after he died. ​

​After William and Mary became King and Queen, they signed the Bill of Rights, which called for free elections and freedom of speech in Parliament. This was an important step in moving England from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, with less power in the hands of a king or queen and more in an elected parliament.

​U.S. Revolution

​Growing tensions between colonists in England's North American's colony and England eventually led to the U.S. War of Independence. Colonists resented paying taxes without being represented in parliament and united in outrage over the "Intolerable" acts passed after the Boston Tea Party. The U.S. declared independence on July 4, 1776, and after a long war, England signed a peace treaty recognizing the United States independence in 1783.

Multiple Choice

What was a result of England's Glorious Revolution? 

• A new nation was formed from British Colonies in North America

• A Catholic became King

• William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights and England moved to a constitutional monarchy. 

• England became of republic with three branches of government. 

Multiple Choice

Which was a cause of the U.S. Revolution?

• A new nation was formed from the British Colonies

• resentment over taxes without representation in parliament

• A constitution was adopted with three branches of government sharing power

• William of Orange was asked to invade.

​French Revolution

French society before the revolution was extremely unfair. A small group of nobles, royals, and priests lived lavishly while 98% of the people did all of the work and paid all of the taxes. ​ When the rich decided to tax the 98% to solve a debt crisis, they broke away and formed a new government, the National Assembly.

Reign of Terror​

​The most radical of the revolutionaries, the Jacobins, took power and, led by Maximilien de Robespierre, thousands of people were executed by guillotine. King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were executed, and many peasants were also killed.

​A military general, Napoleon Bonaparte, took over in a coup d'état and became emperor of France in 1804. By 1812 he had conquered most of Europe and created the French Empire.

Multiple Choice

How did Napoleon come to power? 

• He was elected

• He was the son of the king

• he seized power in a coup

• he was asked to invade by the nobles

​Haitian Revolution

​In 1804, Haiti became the world's first black republic, after enslaved Africans rose up and declared independence. The revolt was led by a former enslaved man, Toussaint L'Ouverture. The revolutionaries defeated French, Spanish, and English armies.

Open Ended

L'ouverture was captured an imprisoned by Napoleon, and, as he was dying in prison, wrote this: "In overthrowing me, you have cut down only the trunk of the Tree of Liberty. It will spring up again by the roots for they are numerous and deep."  In your own words, explain what you think that means.