Civil War Part 1

Civil War Part 1

1861-1863

Election of 1860

Presidential Election Map- showing how each state voted in the election.

Order of Secession

• South Carolina- December 20, 1860

• Mississippi- January 9, 1861

• Florida- January 10, 1861

• Alabama- January 11, 1861

• Georgia- January 19, 1861

• Louisiana- January 26, 1861

Order of Secession (Cont.)

• Texas- February 1, 1861

• Virginia- April 17, 1861

• Kansas- May 6, 1861

• South Carolina- May 20, 1861

• Tennessee- June 8, 1861

Confederate States of America

• Formed officially in February of 1861

• Confederate States of America was a republic that was composed of eleven Southern states that seceded from the Union in order to preserve slavery, states' rights, and political liberty for whites.

• Its conservative government, with former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis as president

• Sought a peaceful separation, but the United States refused to accept the secession

Lincoln's First Inauguration

• March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln gave his inaugural address:

• He said there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it.

• Also stated that foreign nations would benefit from the war because: (1) foreign countries (especially the British) would gain from a weaker United States, (2) European powers would defy the Monroe Doctrine and try to colonize more regions of the Americas

Fort Sumter- April 12, 1861

• Confederate States seized the U.S. forts, arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borders, including Fort Sumter in Charleston, S.C. harbor.

• Fort Sumter only had enough supplies to last until the middle of April.

• Lincoln's dilemma: (1) Fort Sumter was not strong enough to hold its own against Confederate attack, (2) If he sent reinforcements, Confederates would immediately attack

Fort Sumter- April 12, 1861

• Lincoln's decision:

• He notified S.C. that he was sending provisions but not reinforcements.

• Union naval force headed to Fort Sumter.

• Confederates viewed this as an act of aggression and began a bombardment of the fort.

• After 36 hours, the Union troops surrendered with no lives lost.

Impact of Fort Sumter

• Lincoln proclaimed that since the Confederates had fired first, a response was necessary.

• Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 militiamen and got so many that they had to be turned away.

• On April 19th and 27th, Lincoln ordered a blockade of Southern ports.

Impact of Fort Sumter

• Lincoln's call for troops infuriated the Confederates. In their view, he was waging an aggressive war on the Confederacy- The War of Northern Aggression.

• Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina reluctantly seceded and joined the Confederacy.

• Richmond, VA became the new Confederate capital.

Multiple Choice

Who fired the first shot in the Civil War?

• North

• South

Border States

• Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and later West Virginia (which broke away from Virginia and applied for statehood) were all slave states that did NOT secede.

• Lincoln had to repeatedly insist that he was fighting the war to preserve the Union- not end slavery, in order to keep these border states from joining the Confederacy.

Union vs. Confederate States- 1861

Native Americans

• Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) sided with the Confederacy because many of them owned slaves and had more in common with the Southern states.

• A rival faction of Cherokees and many Plains Indians sided with the Union.

Northern Advantages

• Manufacturing ability

• Transportation (railroads, canals, roads)

• Economy

• Wealth

• Superior Navy

• Larger Population (especially immigrants) for manpower

Northern Disadvantages

• Had to invade and conquer the South to force it back into Union

• Northerners were far less prepared to fight in the war.

• Fewer qualified military leaders.

Southern Advantages

• Could fight a defensive war- did not have to invade North.

• Did not have to win the war, just had to keep from losing.

• Morale (in the beginning)

• Larger share of talented military officers.

• Soldiers bred to fight.

• Rebel Yell

Southern Disadvantages

• Paucity of factories in which to produce weapons of war.

• Lack of adequate transportation system (fewer railroads).

• Economy heavily dependent on cotton.

Railroad Lines, 1860

North vs. South Resources

Leaders of the Union

President Abraham Lincoln

Leaders of the Union

Hannibal Hamlin

Vice President (1861-1865)

Lincoln Leadership

• Lincoln enjoyed the benefit of a long-established government which was financially stable and fully recognized both at home and abroad.

• He was skilled at interpreting and directing public opinion.

• He suspended the writ of habeas corpus so that anti-Unionists could be arrested.

• He ordered supervised voting in the border states.

• He ordered the suspension of certain newspapers and the arrests of their editors.

Leaders of the Confederacy

Jefferson Davis

President

Leaders of the Confederacy

Alexander Stevens

Vice President

Davis Leadership

• As the war continued, he tended to defy public opinion rather than lead it.

• He overworked himself on details of civil government and military operations.

• He led a government that had no long-term recognition or acceptance at home or abroad.

• His government was financially unstable.

• He had trouble persuading certain state troops to serve in the military outside their state's borders.

Lincoln's Generals

Winfield Scott

Lincoln's Generals

Irwin McDowell

Lincoln's Generals

George McClellan

Lincoln's Generals

Ambrose Burnside

Lincoln's Generals

George Meade

Lincoln's Generals

Ulysses S. Grant

Confederate Generals

"Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate Generals

George Pickett

Confederate Generals

James Longstreet

Confederate Generals

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate Generals

Jeb Stuart

Confederate Generals

Robert E. Lee

Multiple Select

Who were Lincoln's Generals?

• George McClellan

• George Meade

• Robert E. Lee

• Ulysses S. Grant

Multiple Select

Who were Jefferson Davis' Generals?

• Winfield Scott

• Nathan Bedford Forrest

• George Pickett

• Robert E. Lee

Union Economics

• Taxes and Tariffs increased to support the war effort.

• Paper money issued which mostly held its value.

• National Banking System created.

• War bonds sold to support war effort.

Union Economics

• New factories built.

• Millionaire class developed for the first time from the business class.

• Some manufacturers ripped off the military with shoddy or janky products.

• Grain exports replaced profits from cotton.

Confederacy Economics

• Tariffs didn't raise income because a blockade by the Union cut off most trade.

• States' rights meant that Southerners wouldn't pay direct taxes to a central government.

• Paper money issued but inflation made it practically worthless.

Confederacy Economics

• Cotton had to make it passed the blockade to be sold.

• Goods had to be snuck passed blockade to get into Confederacy.

• Blockade runners had some success but not enough.

• King Cotton failed the South!!!!

Foreign Perspectives

• Many of Europe's ruling classes favored the South.

• However, working people in these nations supported the North and its attempts to end slavery (Uncle Tom's Cabin)

• Governments like Britain were not able to intervene on behalf of the Confederacy or help break the blockade.

Recruitment of African Americans

• In the beginning, freed blacks were not allowed to serve in Union forces.

• After the Emancipation Proclamation and as manpower ran low, black enlistees were permitted (despite protest from some whites).

• By war's end, 180,000 served in the Union armies.

54th Massachusetts Voluntary Infantry Regiment

• Known for its service leading the failed Union assault on Battery Wagner- Confederate fortification on Morris Island, on July 18, 1863.

• One of the first major actions in which African American soldiers fought for the Union in the American Civil War.

• The Courage of these soldiers convinced any politicians and army officers of their value, prompting the further enlistment of black soldiers.

• Governor John A. Andrew of Massachusetts, an abolitionist, organized the creation of the regiment following the Emancipation Proclamation.

Open Ended

Based on what you know so far, do you think the South had a chance to win the war?