Willowridge Cell Cycle PMAT and Cell Differentiation

Willowridge Cell Cycle PMAT

The life of a cell

The cell spends most of its life just being alive and staying alive but then it needs to reproduce and enters the Mitosis stage.

Mitosis is how living organisms continue to live and reproduce more cells for growth, healing, repair and reproduction

MItosis : cell division

Cell basics and vocabulary first

Gametes are the sex cells the egg and the sperm

Gametes are the sex cells sperm and egg

simple Mitosis vs Meisois

Mitosis is the making of Somatic (body) cells. Notice the cells has two sets of chromosomes: 2N diploid

Meiosis is the making of Gamete s( sex cells) . Notice each cell has only one chromosome: 1N haploid.

What if????

What would happen if Gametes had two sets of chromosomes and they united?

Describe that cell on the next slide

IN Mitosis each daughter cell has 46 Chromosomes. Meiosis cells have 23 chromosomes

End products of Mitosis and Meiosis

The end product of Mitosis is 2 daughter cells of 2n for a total of 46 chromosomes= 23 pairs

The end product of Meiosis is 4 daughter cells of 1n each for a total of 23 chromosomes

How does a daughter cell in Meiosis become a 2n cell?

Open Ended

Describe what would happen to a new cell if it was made of two gamets that were diploid (2n) and think of what would happen with their offspring (children).

How many sets of chromosomes would each offspring have if the parents gametes were 2n?

Open Ended

Explain the difference between diploid and haploid cells to include the use of 1N and 2N

Open Ended

Why is necessary for gametes (sex cells) to be haploid (1n)?

Chromatid: Made of tight DNA strands

make a sketch and lable on your notes. 3 mins

examine the last set of chromosomes . Is this a male or female? It reads XY

Stages of Mitosis Gif

Make a large to medium Sketch and label this on your notes . The stages of Mitosis: the division of one cell in to two

Leave space below each one to add detail to each stage. 5 mins max

The phases of a cell

focus on Mitosis- Somatic cell 2n division

add notes to your Diagram

What happens in Prophase?

Pro- means before

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What happens in Metaphase

Meta means middle

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What happens in Anaphase?

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What happens in Telophase? Telo means far as in Television: far vision

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Cell differentiation

Cellular differentiation is the process of a cell changing from one cell type to another, typically from a less specialized type (stem cell) to a more specialized type (organ/tissue specific cell).

The purpose of cell diffentiation

 The process of cell differentiation allows multi-cellular organisms to create uniquely functional cell types and body plans.

As living organism became multicellular we developed a need to have cells that did specialized work. Cells become tissues of the same cells then organs then organ systems

When cells divide they can become Stem Cells which can then become specialized cells. Stem cells are Undifferentiated until they are needed

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Every cell from your body came from Stem cells.

Stem cells can have mistakes and stop growing and become cancer cells!

Cancer cells keep growing and dont stop growing.

Stem cell and heart repair

We are nearing the point of replacing any damaged cell/organ and living forever!

Stem cell Gun

Amazing science developments

Open Ended

Why are Stem cells not rejected by the body?

Cancer cells

Gene expresson and regulation

Questions next!

Multiple Choice

In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

• Mitosis

• G1 phase

• G2 phase

• S phase

Multiple Choice

• Cell 1

• Cell 2

• Cell 3

• Cell 4

Multiple Choice

click on the picture for your question

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called?

• Cytokinesis
• M phase
• Interphase
• G1 Phase

Multiple Choice

Our body are to adjust to changes because of the growth and repair that takes place at the _________ level?

• Tissue

• Organ

• Atomic

• Nuclear

• Cellular

Multiple Choice

The phase of mitosis when chromosomes align in the

middle is called ________

• anaphase

• prophase

• telophase

• metaphase

Multiple Choice

During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur?

• Interphase
• M phase
• S phase
• G2 phase

Multiple Choice

Identical cells formed during cell division are called:

• daughter organelles

• daughter cycles

• daughter nucleus

• daughter cells

Multiple Choice

The ____________ ensures that our body’s grow and repair

themselves.

• The cell growth

• The cell repair

• The cell recycle

• The cell cycle

Multiple Choice

A pair of similar chromosomes are called:

• homocycular

• homologous

• homocellular

• homonucleus

Multiple Choice

The ___________ holds the replicated sister chromatids together.

• centriole
• chromosomes
• centromere
• cycles

Multiple Choice

The phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane forms

is called ________ .

• anaphase

• prophase

• metaphase

• telophase

Multiple Choice

Responsible for carrying instructions for growth, development and reproduction.

• Cancer

• DNA

• Protein

• Bacteria/Virus

Multiple Choice

The structure labeled A is a(n)

• chromatid
• centriole
• centromere
• chromophere

Multiple Choice

The cell spends most of it's life in ________________.

• mitosis
• cytokinesis
• Interphase
• None of the above

Multiple Choice

What is the result of the cell cycle?

• Three cells

• Four daughter cells

• Two identical cells

• One clone cell

Multiple Choice

The division of the nucleus is known as:

• Synthesis
• Mitosis
• G1
• G2

Multiple Choice

The three stages of the cell cycle are __________, mitosis, and

cytokinesis.

• interphase

• anaphase

• metaphase

• prophase

Multiple Choice

Identify the Cell Cycle Stage.

• Cytokinesis
• Interphase
• Anaphase
• Metaphase

Multiple Choice

Identify the Cell Cycle Stage.

• Interphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Prophase

Multiple Choice

Identify the Cell Cycle Stage.

• Anaphase
• Cytokinesis
• Telophase
• Metaphase

Multiple Choice

Fruit fly body cells have 8 chromosomes. After mitosis, you would expect a resulting fruit fly daughter cell to have ...

• 16 chromosomes.
• 46 chromosomes.
• 8 chromosomes.
• 4 chromosomes.

Multiple Choice

The process by which cells become specialized is known as?

• stem cell research
• embryonic development 
• totipotent cell strucutre
• cell differentiation 

Multiple Choice

Put the following actions in order: DNA replicates, cell grows, cell divides, cell prepares for mitosis. 

• DNA replicates, cell grows, cell prepares for mitosis, cell divides
• cell grows, cell prepares for mitosis, DNA replicates, cell divides
• cell grows, DNA replicates, cell prepares for mitosis, cell divides
• DNA replicates, cell prepares for mitosis, cell grows, cell divides

Multiple Choice

Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase, metaphase, and telophase. 

• prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase
• prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
• prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase

Multiple Choice

what is the role of stem cells in the body 

• fight against infection 
• provide specialized roles in the body 
• used for fertility treatment 
• they produce new specialized cells in the body to replace old cells that are used up 

Multiple Choice

Which is true about Adult Stem Cells.

• They no longer do mitosis, their cell type is set and can not change
• They are limited to the type of  cell they can become.
• They can become any cell type in the body
• They are found in embryos

Multiple Choice

Which type of cell is unspecialized?

• skin cell
• stem cell
• liver cell
• muscle cell

Multiple Choice

How do stem cells know what type of cells to differentiate into?

• The nucleus has instructions to turn some genes on and some genes off.
• Signals from chemicals in the organism or from the environment determine which genes will be turned on and off.
• Genes turn on and off randomly.
• The cell has unique DNA that determines what the cell will become.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

• Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells
• Adult stem cells are pluripotent, just like embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells grow bigger than embryonic stem cells

Multiple Choice

Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?

• Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart. 
• Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells. 
• Muscles cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells. 
• A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells. 

Multiple Choice

What process best explains how muscle cells and nerve cells can develop from the same fertilized egg?

• genetic engineering
• survival of the fittest
• differentiation
• selective breeding

Multiple Choice

What does "pluripotent" mean?

• able to divide and make many different types of cells
• not able to divide
• can only divide and make one cell type 
• if it divides, it will make a cancerous tumor

Multiple Choice

Stem cells can be obtained from

• embryos
• some adult tissues
• umbilical cord blood
• all of the above

Multiple Choice

Stem cells are

• cells that grow uncontrollably
• undifferentiated and can be any type of cell
• never go through cell division
• only found in embryos