The main centers of the world economy and the level of socio-eco

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Primary:

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agriculture, mining;

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Secondary:

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manufacturing & construction

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Tertiary:

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market & public services

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Quaternary:

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knowledge, ICT, R&D, finance

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Specific Aspects of _____ are:

High agricultural employment; low labor productivity; large rural population

• Volatile terms of trade; climate-risk exposure; limited fiscal space

• Policy focus: basic infrastructure, agricultural productivity, human capital, diversification

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Agrarian Economies

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Features of _____ are:

• Rapid urbanization; manufacturing take-off; export diversification

• Dual economy: modern enclaves vs traditional sectors

• Policy focus: logistics, power, skills; SME linkages; investment climate

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Industrial-Agrarian Economies

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Specific Aspects of _____ are:

• Large manufacturing base; deep capital markets; complex value chains

• Emphasis on technology upgrading, green industry, and trade logistics

• Policy focus: competition, innovation systems, decarbonization

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Industrial Economies

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Organization of _____ are:

• Service-dominated value added and employment; knowledge-intensive services

• High R&D intensity; digital platforms; creative & financial sectors

• Policy focus: inclusive growth, skills for AI/automation, service trade rules

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Post-Industrial Economies

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Triad

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North America, Europe, and East Asia

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Rising centers

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South & Southeast Asia, Gulf

economies