Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides

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Hydrocarbon Noun

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Hydrocarbon

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An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, forming the structural framework of many organic substances.

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Example: This image shows methane (CH₄), the simplest hydrocarbon, with one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms, illustrating the basic structure of all hydrocarbons.

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Functional Group Noun

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Functional Group

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A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.

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Example: This image shows a molecule separated into two parts: the main carbon chain (in red) and a special group of atoms called a functional group (in blue), which determines the molecule's chemical properties.

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Halogen Noun

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[hal-uh-jen]

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Halogen

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Any of the highly reactive, nonmetallic elements in Group 17 of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

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Example: This diagram shows the periodic table and highlights Group 17, which contains the elements known as halogens, like Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl).

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Halocarbon Noun

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Halocarbon

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An organic compound containing at least one carbon atom that is covalently bonded to a halogen atom.

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Example: This image shows a halocarbon molecule, carbon tetrachloride. A central carbon atom (grey) is bonded to four halogen atoms, which are chlorine (green).

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Substituent Group Noun

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Substituent Group

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An atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon molecule.

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Example: This chart shows examples of alkyl groups, which are substituent groups made of carbon and hydrogen atoms that can attach to a larger molecule.

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Alkyl Halide Noun

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Alkyl Halide

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An organic compound where a halogen atom is covalently bonded to a saturated, non-aromatic carbon atom.

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Example: This image shows three examples of alkyl halides, where a halogen atom (like chlorine, Cl) is attached to a carbon-based (alkyl) group.

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Aryl Halide Noun

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Aryl Halide

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An organic compound in which a halogen atom is directly bonded to a carbon atom within an aromatic ring.

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Example: This image shows examples of aryl halides, where a halogen atom (like F, Cl, Br, or I) is directly attached to a benzene ring.

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Temporary Dipole Noun

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Temporary Dipole

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A momentary, non-permanent separation of electric charge in a molecule, resulting from the random movement of electrons.

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Example: This image shows how the random movement of electrons in a molecule can create a temporary area of positive (δ+) and negative (δ-) charge, forming a temporary dipole.

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Noun

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

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A class of organic compounds containing only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms, known for their impact on the ozone layer.

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Example: This image shows the molecular structure of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are compounds made of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms bonded together.

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Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Noun

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Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

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A class of synthetic organic compounds containing only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms, often used as refrigerants.

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Example: This image shows the ball-and-stick models of several hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are molecules made of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms.