Population and Demographic Concepts

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Arithmetic Density

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Total population divided by total land area. Example: The U.S. has a lower arithmetic density than India because it has more land area relative to its population.

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Physiological Density

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Population divided by the amount of arable (farmable) land. Example: Egypt has a very high physiological density because most people live near the Nile where land is farmable.

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Agricultural Density

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Number of farmers per unit of arable land. Example: The U.S. has a low agricultural density because few farmers manage large areas with modern technology.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime. Example: In Niger, TFR is around 6, while in Japan it is below 2.

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

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Births per 1,000 people in a year. Example: A CBR of 20 means there are 20 births per 1,000 people annually.

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

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Deaths per 1,000 people in a year. Example: France has a higher CDR than Bangladesh because it has more elderly people.

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Dependency Ratio

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The ratio of dependents (under 15 and over 65) to the working-age population. Example: Japan has a high dependency ratio because of its aging population.

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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

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Number of infants who die before age 1 per 1,000 live births. Example: IMR is much higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in North America.

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Life Expectancy

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Average number of years a person is expected to live. Example: Life expectancy is over 80 years in Canada but under 60 years in some African countries.

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

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Explains how population changes over time through stages. Example: The U.S. is in Stage 4 (low birth & death rates, stable population), while Nigeria is in Stage 2 (high birth rates, declining death rates).