Test

Front

What is tolerance in pharmacology?

Back

Tolerance is a phenomenon where the response to a drug decreases over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. It typically develops over days to weeks.

Front

What is tachyphylaxis?

Back

Tachyphylaxis is a rapid decrease in response to a drug after its administration, often occurring after the first dose.

Front

How should a low TI drug be dosed for different weights?

Back

For a low therapeutic index (TI) drug, a higher mg/kg dose should be given to lighter animals compared to heavier ones.

Front

What happens to drug metabolism in very old animals?

Back

In very old animals, drug metabolism typically decreases due to reduced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Front

What is the effect of liver failure on drug metabolism?

Back

In liver failure, there is often a decrease in bile secretion, which can affect drug metabolism and clearance.

Front

What is biliary excretion?

Back

Biliary excretion is the process by which drugs are excreted into bile and can be eliminated from the body.

Front

What is enterohepatic circulation?

Back

Enterohepatic circulation is the recycling of drugs and metabolites between the liver and the intestine, which can prolong the drug's effect.

Front

What is the significance of drug binding to albumin?

Back

Drugs that bind to albumin can have a prolonged effect in the body, as only unbound drugs are active and can be metabolized or excreted.

Front

What is the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes?

Back

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are crucial for the metabolism of many drugs, facilitating their conversion into more water-soluble compounds for excretion.

Front

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Back

Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body affects a drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion), while pharmacodynamics refers to how the drug affects the body (mechanism of action, effects).