Scientific Revolution and Post-Normal Science

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Who is considered the greatest mathematician of ancient India?

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Aryabhata (476-529) is considered the greatest mathematician of ancient India.

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What significant mathematical concept did ancient India contribute?

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The concept of zero and the decimal system.

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What are the four great inventions of China mentioned in the text?

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1. Compass 2. Gunpowder 3. Movable Blockprint 4. Paper

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What is the Needham Question?

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The Needham Question asks why China did not have a scientific revolution despite its early scientific accomplishments.

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What does the term 'paradigm' refer to in the context of scientific revolutions?

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A paradigm refers to a model or framework that guides research and is taken for granted by a scientific discipline.

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Who popularized the term 'paradigm' in the context of scientific revolutions?

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Thomas Samuel Kuhn.

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What are the phases of the Kuhn Cycle in science?

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1. Pre-pragmatic Science 2. Normal Science 3. Model Drift 4. Model Crisis 5. Model Revolution 6. Paradigm Change 7. Post-normal Science.

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What characterizes 'post-normal science'?

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Post-normal science is characterized by uncertainty in facts, disputed values, high stakes, and urgent decision-making.

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What is the precautionary principle in the context of post-normal science?

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1. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, 2. Lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

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What is the role of citizen science?

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Citizen science involves public participation in scientific research, often in collaboration with professional scientists.