P values

Front

What is a p-value?

Back

A p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

Front

What does it mean if a p-value is less than the significance level (α)?

Back

If a p-value is less than α, we reject the null hypothesis, indicating that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

Front

What is the typical significance level (α) used in hypothesis testing?

Back

The typical significance level used in hypothesis testing is 0.05.

Front

What does a small p-value indicate?

Back

A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

Front

What does a large p-value indicate?

Back

A large p-value (typically > 0.05) indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis, leading to a failure to reject it.

Front

What is the null hypothesis (H0)?

Back

The null hypothesis (H0) is a statement that there is no effect or no difference, and it serves as the default assumption in hypothesis testing.

Front

What is the alternative hypothesis (H1)?

Back

The alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statement that indicates the presence of an effect or a difference, opposing the null hypothesis.

Front

What is the decision rule in hypothesis testing?

Back

The decision rule states that if the p-value is less than or equal to α, reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, fail to reject it.

Front

What is the significance of a p-value of 0.027 in hypothesis testing?

Back

A p-value of 0.027 is less than the common significance level of 0.05, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.

Front

What does it mean to reject the null hypothesis?

Back

To reject the null hypothesis means to conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.