Volcanic and Geological Concepts

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Subduction Zone

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A region where one tectonic plate moves under another, sinking into the mantle as the plates converge.

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Magma

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Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface, which can form lava when it erupts.

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Hot Spot

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A location where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust, often forming a chain of volcanoes.

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Intrusive & Extrusive Igneous Rocks

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Intrusive rocks form from magma cooling slowly beneath the surface, while extrusive rocks form from lava cooling quickly on the surface.

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Stratovolcanoes

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A type of volcano characterized by a steep profile and periodic explosive eruptions.

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Shield Volcanoes

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A type of volcano with a broad, domed shape and gentle slopes, formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava.

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Pyroclastic Flows

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A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano at high speed.

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Tephra

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Fragments of volcanic rock and ash ejected during an eruption.

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Lahars

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A destructive volcanic mudflow on the slopes of a volcano.