Using the "Castaneda Test," the U.S. district court determined that a Denver school had failed to adequately implement a plan for language minority students.

1983 - Keyes v School District #1

Exiting the Bilingual Program

TEA approved test that shows student has developed oral and written language skills in English. Satisfactory performance score above the 40th percentile on Reading and Language Arts. Other TEA approved criterion test.

Requirements for a bilingual program to meet the needs of an ELL.

Affective - Helps with confidence, self-assurance, culture, and background. Linguistic - Must be given instruction in listening, speaking, reading, and writing in Spanish and English. Cognitive - Must be given instruction in math, reading, science, language arts.

Minimum number of students required for a school district to offer a bilingual education program.

20 students or more that are ELL in the same grade level and same language classification.

English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) are English language proficiency level descriptors and student expectations for English language learners (ELLs).

Example: Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced, Advanced High

Many small schools conduct school in the local language but offer Mandarin as a second language.

Mandarin is offered as a second language.

More programs are offered, including some L2 immersion programs where some are taught in both L1 and L2.

L2 immersion programs are available.

Dual or Triple language programs are offered. Grammar, history, and literature are taught using L1, but Math and Science are taught in English or French.

Math and Science are taught in English or French.

Instruction in most countries of the European Union is given in L1, then two more languages are added.

Two additional languages are added after L1.

Bilingual education is not quite common. Only for "ethnic minorities" do they provide elite bilingual schools designed to help European immigrants preserve their native language.

Elite bilingual schools are provided for ethnic minorities.

Many schools conduct language in L2, which is problematic. Some teachers are not proficient enough to teach content in L2.

Proficiency issues in teaching content in L2.

This model serves LEP students in both English and Spanish and transfers the student to English-only instruction. It provides instruction in literacy and academic content areas through the medium of Spanish, along with instruction in English oral and academic language development. - Student cannot exit earlier than grade 1 - If enrolled after grade 1 they may not exit sooner than 2 to 5 years after enrolling. (NOT EFFECTIVE)

Transitional Bilingual/Early Exit

This model serves LEP students in both English and Spanish, and transfers the student to English-only instruction. Students remain in the late exit transitional bilingual program for 6 to 7 years. Cognitively challenging academic work in Spanish accelerates academic growth, and meaningful content is also taught in English.

Transitional Bilingual/Late Exit

This model is a biliteracy program integrating students proficient in English and students identified as LEP. Instruction is given in both native English speakers and native speakers of another language in a setting where language learning and content instruction are integrated. Serves both ELLs and English native speakers. Academic subjects are taught to all students using both English and the other language. LEP student remains in program for 6-7 years.

Dual Language Immersion/Two-Way

This model is a biliteracy program model that gives instruction in both English and Spanish and transfers students to English-Only instruction. ONLY serves LEP students. Language learning is integrated with content instruction. Academic subjects are taught to all students through both English and L1. Students remain in program for 6-7 years.

Dual Language Immersion/One-Way

The level of formality or informality in language use.

Bilingual Supplemental Flashcards

Student preview

100 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

1920 - Sink or Swim

Back

English immersion primary method with few remedial services

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

First successful two-way bilingual program

Back

1963 - Dade County Refugee Program

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Outlawed discrimination on race, color of any federal program

Back

1964 - Civil Rights Act: Title VI

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Policy to help economically disadvantaged students with bilingual education

Back

1968 - Bilingual Education Act Title VII

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

State's first bilingual education bill acknowledging English as the primary language

Back

1969 - HB 103

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Requirement for school districts with 20+ LEP students to implement bilingual education

Back

1973 - SB121

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

"No Child Left Behind" Act for improving ELL education

Back

2001 - NCLB

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