Biology Fall Final Review

Front

What is the cell cycle?

Back

The cell cycle is a series of phases that a cell goes through to grow and divide, including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (M).

Front

How does the cell cycle contribute to genetic stability?

Back

By ensuring accurate DNA replication and distribution during cell division.

Front

What are ribosomes?

Back

Ribosomes are cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.

Front

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Back

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Front

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Back

mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Front

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Back

rRNA is a component of ribosomes that helps catalyze protein synthesis.

Front

What are frameshift mutations?

Back

Frameshift mutations are genetic mutations caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that change the reading frame of the genetic code.

Front

Why are frameshift mutations harmful?

Back

They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, altering the entire amino acid sequence.

Front

What are regulatory checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Back

Regulatory checkpoints are control mechanisms in the cell cycle that ensure proper division and prevent errors.

Front

What can happen if cells bypass regulatory checkpoints?

Back

Cells may divide uncontrollably, leading to tumor formation and cancer.