Psychology Concepts

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Cognition

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Internal states, thoughts, and episodes occurring within an observer

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Pre-cognitive psychology

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Includes concepts like Aristotle's tabula rasa and Descartes' dualism

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Structuralism and functionalism

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Relies on introspection

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Watson’s behaviorism

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Focuses on observable behavior and the relationship between stimulus and response

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Classical conditioning

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Elicits conditioned response from conditioned stimulus; example: Watson & Rayner's Little Albert

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Operant conditioning

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Shaping behaviors with consequences; involves rewards vs punishments and positive vs negative reinforcement

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Language learning theories

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Skinner: learned through conditioning; Chomsky: determined by inborn biology

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Cognitive cone

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Moves from top to bottom; top functions are essential for integrating information from mental functions

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Research process steps

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Develop hypothesis, empirical test, analyze observations, revise hypothesis, replication, internal review, share

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Principles of scientific research

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Empiricism, determinism, parsimony, testability