Moves from top to bottom; top functions are essential for integrating information from mental functions

Research process steps

Develop hypothesis, empirical test, analyze observations, revise hypothesis, replication, internal review, share

Principles of scientific research

Empiricism, determinism, parsimony, testability

Knowledge comes from sensory experience

Studying the mind: fundamental problem

Mental processes are not easily observable

Considering a construct as a concrete entity to study it

Behavioral methods to study the mind

Reaction times, percentage of correct responses

Measures electrical activity, voltage fluctuations from ionic neuron flows

Provides a 3D image of functional processes

Provide lots of information, cannot be replicated

Correlational studies

Examine relationships between variables, do not prove causation

Manipulate IV and DV, infer cause and effect

Information Processing Model

Computer analogy: Brain = hardware

Mind is compared to software

The mind is likened to software, with input as sensory modalities and output as thoughts, language, and actions.

Representationalism concept

Representationalism suggests that the world is represented in our minds and cognitive processes operate on this information.

Collins & Quillian's theory

Collins & Quillian proposed that semantic memory may be organized hierarchically.

Turing machine and test

A Turing machine is a hypothetical machine capable of passing the Turing test, where a computer is not detectable as a computer in conversation with a human.

Newell & Simon's contribution

Newell & Simon developed a general problem solver that displayed problem-solving skills similar to humans but was limited to computational problems.

Embodied cognition involves and is influenced by the way we interact with the world.

Biological perspective in cognition

The biological perspective focuses on the biological basis for cognition.

Cognitive psychology approach

Cognitive psychology studies the mind through empirical and experimental methods.

Cognitive science approach

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary approach to studying the mind using methods from various fields of study.

Donders (1868) conducted the first experiment on the mind.

Measured how long mental processes take using simple and choice RT tasks.

Simple RT task vs. Choice RT task

Choice RT task involves making a decision, taking around 1/10 of a second longer than a simple RT task.

Ebbinghaus (1885) method

Subjects read a list of syllables and repeated until memorized to test retention periods.

Savings = \frac{initial repetition - relearning repetitions}{initial repetitions}

Tolman's Maze (1938) method

Placed rats in a maze at the same place until they solved it, then moved them to a different place.

Tolman's Maze results

Rats found the food and solved the maze, indicating they formed a cognitive map.

Impact of Tolman's Maze study

Led to the development of cognitive psychology, aligning with Chomsky’s model of language.

Neurons: connecting mind and brain

Neurons connect the mind and brain by transmitting signals.

Golgi & Ramon y Cajal - the Neuron doctrine

Believed the brain was a connected network with synapses as gaps between neurons. Individual cells transmit signals, forming the building blocks of the nervous system.

Phrenology: characteristics assumed from shape of head

Phrenology is considered pseudoscience, but it correctly suggested localization of function.

Neural representation

An individual's experience is based on nervous system representations, not direct contact with stimuli.

Cognitive neuroscience

The study of the physiological basis of cognition, focusing on the relationship between brain and mind.

Neuron communication: cell body, dendrites, axon

Neurons receive signals via dendrites, which can be excitatory or inhibitory. Action potential occurs when PSPs make the neuron cross the threshold of excitation.

Resting state of a neuron

The resting state is around -70 mV. Sodium channels open during action potential, causing an influx of positive sodium ions, increasing the neuron's charge. Sodium channels then close, and potassium channels open to release positive ions, returning the cell to resting state.

Each neuron is connected to others in a neuron network and processes information through patterns of firing.

Patterns of firing translate into thoughts and behaviors. The rate of firing influences the strength of the signal, not the strength of firing.

A 3mm layer that covers the brain, where information is processed and travels. Outer areas of lobes receive sensory information.

Responsible for visual processing. Includes the ventral stream ("what" information) and dorsal stream ("where" information).

Psychology Concepts Flashcards

Student preview

100 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cognition

Back

Internal states, thoughts, and episodes occurring within an observer

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pre-cognitive psychology

Back

Includes concepts like Aristotle's tabula rasa and Descartes' dualism

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Structuralism and functionalism

Back

Relies on introspection

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Watson’s behaviorism

Back

Focuses on observable behavior and the relationship between stimulus and response

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Classical conditioning

Back

Elicits conditioned response from conditioned stimulus; example: Watson & Rayner's Little Albert

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Operant conditioning

Back

Shaping behaviors with consequences; involves rewards vs punishments and positive vs negative reinforcement

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Language learning theories

Back

Skinner: learned through conditioning; Chomsky: determined by inborn biology

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