Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Front

What is Epinephrine?

Back

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the body's fight-or-flight response.

Front

What is the role of Cyclic AMP in cell signaling?

Back

Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger in the signaling cascade initiated by hormones like epinephrine, leading to the activation of various enzymes.

Front

What are spindle fibers made of?

Back

Spindle fibers are made up of microtubules, which are essential for chromosome movement during cell division.

Front

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Back

During the G1 phase, the cell increases in size and produces new organelles, preparing for DNA replication.

Front

What is the M Checkpoint in the cell cycle?

Back

The M Checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before the cell proceeds with division.

Front

What is the function of protein kinases?

Back

Protein kinases add phosphate groups to proteins, which can activate or deactivate enzymes and other proteins.

Front

Define the term 'second messenger'.

Back

A second messenger is a molecule that transmits signals from a receptor on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.

Front

What is the significance of the G2 Checkpoint?

Back

The G2 Checkpoint checks for DNA damage and ensures that DNA has been completely and accurately replicated before the cell enters mitosis.

Front

What is the role of microtubules in cell division?

Back

Microtubules form the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis.

Front

Explain the term 'cell cycle'.

Back

The cell cycle is the series of phases that a cell goes through to grow and divide, including G1, S, G2, and M phases.