Stage in child development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.

Stage in language development where children use single words to convey whole sentences.

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.

Application of a grammatical rule too widely, resulting in incorrect forms.

Learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

Classical conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning.

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

A reaction to a specific stimulus.

Unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

The initial stage of learning when a response is first established.

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.

Stimulus discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli.

Stimulus generalization

The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

Higher-order conditioning

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors.

Biological preparedness

The idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely.

A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.

American psychologist known for his work in operant conditioning.

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli.

Negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.

Primary reinforcement

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Secondary reinforcement

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time.

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.

Schedules of reinforcement

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Fixed-interval schedule

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Variable-ratio schedule

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Variable-interval schedule

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring.

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring.

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Successive approximations

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

AP Psych Unit 3 Part 1 Language and Learning Flashcards

Student preview

62 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Grammar

Back

The set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in a natural language.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Syntax

Back

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Semantics

Back

The branch of linguistics concerned with meaning.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Morpheme

Back

The smallest grammatical unit in a language.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Phoneme

Back

The smallest unit of sound in a language.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Stages of Language Development

Back

The progressive stages through which children learn language, including cooing, babbling, one-word, and telegraphic speech.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cooing

Back

Early stage of language development where infants produce soft vowel sounds.

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