Historical Figures and Groups

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Hijab

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The term that can refer either to the practice of dressing modestly or to a specific type of head covering

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Mamluks

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Enslaved people who were frequently ethnic Turks from Central Asia, to serve as soldiers and later as bureaucrats.

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‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

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She is regarded as the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century.

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

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A renowned scholar contributing to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. His observatory produced advanced astronomical charts.

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Ibn Khaldun

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A founder of historiography and sociology, known for historical accounts.

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Seljuk Turks

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Central Asians who began conquering the Middle East in the 11th century and extended their power to Western China.

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Crusaders

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Groups of European Christian soldiers who fought for access to and from the holy sites in Jerusalem.

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Mongols

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Central Asians who conquered Abbasid Empire in 1258 and ended the Seljuk rule. They were eventually stopped in Egypt by the Mamluks.