Research Methods & Basic Statistics

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What is a research problem?

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A research problem is a situation or condition that causes the researcher to feel confused and troubled that needs to be addressed or answered.

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What are the three sources that contribute to problem identification?

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1. Own experience or others' experience 2. Scientific literature 3. Shortcomings in theories.

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What is a research gap?

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A research gap is a topic or area for which missing or insufficient information limits the ability to conclude a question.

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What is a problem statement?

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A problem statement is an expression of the dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation for the purposes of providing understanding and direction.

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What are the steps in the formation of a problem statement?

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1. Identify the problem 2. Identify the factors related to it 3. State why the problem is important with supporting evidence 4. State the scope of the research area 5. Conclude by stating the importance and aim of the research.

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What are research objectives?

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Research objectives summarize the overall study goal, identify key concepts (variables), and the study group or populations.

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What does SMART stand for in the context of research objectives?

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Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.

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What is a research question?

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A research question is a clear, focused, concise, complex, and arguable question around which you center your research.

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What is a hypothesis?

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A hypothesis is a statement of predicted relationships between variables or predicted outcomes.

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What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?

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A null hypothesis (Ho) shows no significant relation or difference between variables, while an alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted when the null hypothesis has been rejected.