0.2 AP Psychology Re-Teach

What is the primary goal of experimental methodology?

• To describe behavior in a natural setting.

• To examine an individual or group in detail.

• To establish a causal relationship between variables.

• To combine results from multiple studies.

Which statement accurately describes a limitation of non-experimental methodologies?

• They can establish cause-and-effect relationships.

• They are primarily used when controlled experiments are ethical.

• They can only describe behavior and cannot establish causal relationships.

• They are not susceptible to the third variable problem.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

• A hypothesis is a broad explanation, while a theory is a specific prediction.

• A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a supported explanation of phenomena.

• A theory is always proven true, whereas a hypothesis can be proven wrong.

• A hypothesis is used in meta-analysis, while a theory applies only to case studies.

In a study investigating the effect of sleep on academic performance, if 'hours of sleep' is manipulated by the researcher and 'exam scores' are measured, what type of variables are they, respectively?

• Dependent variable, Independent variable

• Confounding variable, Dependent variable

• Independent variable, Dependent variable

• Independent variable, Confounding variable

What are confounding variables in a study?

• Factors that are intentionally manipulated by the researcher

• Factors that are measured as the outcome of the study

• Uncontrolled factors that can influence the results of an experiment

• Variables that are kept constant across all conditions of a study

What is the distinction between a population and a sample in research?

• A population is a small, specific group, while a sample is a larger, more general group.

• A population refers to the entire group being studied, and a sample is a selected subgroup from that population.

• A population is the experimental group, and a sample is the control group.

• A population is the independent variable, and a sample is the dependent variable.

What is sampling bias?

• When every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected for a study.

• When the sample group accurately represents all the different people in the population.

• When the process of picking the sample group is flawed, leading to an unrepresentative sample.

• When the population is divided into different subcategories before sampling.

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What is the primary difference between random assignment and random selection?

• Random assignment is used to select participants for a study, while random selection is used to place participants into experimental or control groups.

• Random assignment ensures that participants have an equal chance of being placed in any group, while random selection ensures every individual in a population has an equal chance of being included in the study.

• Random assignment is typically used in quasi-experiments, while random selection is used in true experiments.

• Random assignment relates to the independent variable, while random selection relates to the dependent variable.

What is the placebo effect?

• When a real drug causes an improvement in physical or mental state.

• When an individual's physical or mental state improves after taking a substance they believe is a real drug, but it is not.

• When a participant knowingly receives a fake treatment.

• When a researcher's expectations influence the outcome of a study.