European Nuclear Deterrence and Security

What is the main concern regarding NATO's response to a nuclear attack on Estonia?

• NATO's lack of nuclear weapons

• The absence of a formal treaty

• The potential risk to major US cities

• Estonia's non-membership in NATO

How does the EU's defense clause differ from NATO's?

• It specifies aid by all means in their power

• It is weaker than NATO's clause

• It only applies to nuclear attacks

• It requires military intervention

Which EU country currently has nuclear capabilities post-Brexit?

• Spain

• France

• Italy

• Germany

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Which model for a European nuclear umbrella involves France retaining sole control?

• The NATO model

• The EU defense body model

• The French-led model

• The shared model

What is a potential drawback of a European nuclear deterrent?

• Increased reliance on the US

• Reduced military spending

• Loss of EU membership

• Heightened tensions with adversaries

What is a key challenge in implementing a European nuclear umbrella?

• Lack of nuclear technology

• Public opposition

• No interest from EU countries

• Insufficient funding

What is a benefit of a collective nuclear deterrent for Europe?

• Immediate response to threats

• Exclusive control by France

• Cost sharing among EU nations

• Increased US military presence

What could potentially strain the transatlantic alliance?

• France extending its nuclear reach over Europe

• Increased US military aid

• EU's reliance on NATO

• Shared decision-making models

What might be required to galvanize support for a European nuclear umbrella?

• A change in French leadership

• A new EU treaty

• Increased EU military spending

• A US withdrawal from NATO