Penguins are adapted to cold environments, primarily living near Antarctica. However, they are also found in the Galapagos Islands due to the Cromwell Current, which brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, supporting the food chain. Ocean layers typically separate nutrients and sunlight, but currents like the Cromwell mix them, allowing algae and penguin food to thrive. Penguins are absent from northern oceans due to evolutionary history and warm waters, with the Galapagos penguins being the only northern species.

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