Ecological Succession Concepts

Ecological succession is the process of ecosystem recovery after a disturbance. It includes primary succession, which starts on bare rock without soil, and secondary succession, which occurs in areas where soil is already present. Primary succession begins with pioneer species like lichens that break down rock to form soil, eventually leading to a mature ecosystem. Secondary succession happens faster as it starts with existing soil, following disturbances like forest fires. Both types end in a climax community, a stable and mature ecosystem.

What is ecological succession primarily concerned with?

• The growth of individual plants

• The migration of animals

• The rebuilding of ecosystems after disturbances

• The extinction of species

Which of the following is a key difference between primary and secondary succession?

• Secondary succession does not lead to a climax community

• Primary succession occurs faster than secondary succession

• Secondary succession starts without soil

• Primary succession starts without soil

What is the role of lichens in primary succession?

• They consume organic matter

• They prevent soil erosion

• They break down rocks to form soil

• They provide shade for other plants

Which of the following is an example of a pioneer species in primary succession?

• Oak trees

• Grasses

• Shrubs

• Lichens

In primary succession, what is the initial condition of the environment?

• Rich in organic matter

• Covered with grasses

• Bare rock with no soil

• Full of shrubs

Which natural event is commonly associated with primary succession?

• Forest fire

• Earthquake

• Flooding

• Volcanic eruption

What typically remains after a disturbance in secondary succession?

• Bare rock

• Only water

• Soil

• No living organisms

Which type of succession is likely to occur after a forest fire?

• Primary succession

• Secondary succession

• Tertiary succession

• Quaternary succession

During secondary succession, what is the first type of plant to grow?

• Lichens

• Grasses and weeds

• Large trees

• Shrubs

What is the final stage of both primary and secondary succession?

• Erosion stage

• Intermediate community

• Climax community

• Pioneer community