How Bad Is the Radiation on Mars?

NASA aims to send humans to Mars by the 2030s, but space radiation poses significant challenges. Radiation from the Sun and galactic cosmic rays can harm astronauts, requiring innovative protection methods. Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere shield us from radiation, but in space, solutions like spacecraft shielding, hydrogen storage, and force fields are being explored. On Mars, the lack of a magnetosphere and thin atmosphere mean minimal protection, but strategies like underground habitats and early warning systems for solar events are being considered.

What challenges do astronauts face regarding radiation exposure on the surface of Mars?

How might future missions to Mars prepare for the radiation risks associated with the planet?

What are the potential long-term solutions for managing space radiation for human exploration beyond Earth?