What is Magna Carta? Clause 12 Introduction

In medieval England, knights were required to provide military service or pay a tax called scooted. Over time, kings preferred monetary contributions to fund professional soldiers and mercenaries. This practice was exploited by Henry II and Richard I, but King John's military failures led to resistance against such taxes. Clause 12 of the Magna Carta reflects this resistance, planting the idea of 'no taxation without representation,' later echoed in the American War of Independence.

What does clause 12 signify in relation to taxes and military adventures?

What historical idea was invoked in the American War of Independence regarding taxation?