Explain the negative impacts of artificial intelligence systems on society : PGD Attack Practical Configuration

The video tutorial introduces Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) as a universal approach to analyzing model security against adversarial examples. It explains the inner and outer minimization problems, highlighting PGD's role in finding adversarial versions of data points and minimizing adversarial loss. PGD is also discussed as a defense mechanism through adversarial training, which enhances neural network robustness. The tutorial concludes with practical examples of running and configuring PGD attacks, comparing its effectiveness with other methods like the beam attack.

Explain the significance of the inner and outer minimization problems in the context of PGD.

What was the outcome of the comparison between different attacks mentioned in the text?