Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Invertebrates | Mechanism and Role in Development

The video tutorial explains the role of hedgehog proteins in invertebrates, focusing on their involvement in embryological development, cell patterning, and differentiation. It introduces the concept of graded signaling, where different concentrations of hedgehog proteins activate specific genes. The tutorial also covers organ and tissue-specific gene inductions, the mechanism of hedgehog pathway activation, and the resulting intracellular signaling that leads to gene induction. The lesson emphasizes the importance of protein concentration in determining the signaling pathway's outcome.

What is the primary role of hedgehog proteins in invertebrates?

• To synthesize new proteins

• To control cell patterning and differentiation

• To transport nutrients

• To degrade unnecessary proteins

What does graded signaling in hedgehog proteins refer to?

• The synthesis of proteins at low concentrations

• The degradation of proteins at high concentrations

• The activation of genes at specific protein concentrations

• The uniform distribution of proteins

Which genes are activated in the wing discs of certain fly species due to hedgehog signaling?

• Protein kinase A and casein kinase 1A

• Decapeptide, plegic, and Collier genes

• Smoothened and patch genes

• NK6 homeobox and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2

What happens to Smoothened protein in the absence of hedgehog proteins?

• It phosphorylates other proteins

• It is activated and enters the nucleus

• It is inhibited and degraded in the proteasome

• It binds to DNA and activates genes

Which proteins are involved in phosphorylating the C protein in its repressed state?

• GPR K2 and Smoothened

• Protein kinase A, casein kinase 1A, and GSK 3 beta

• Eye hog and brother of Ahog

• Patch and Smoothened

What is the role of the patch protein when hedgehog proteins are present?

• To phosphorylate the C protein

• To allow Smoothened activation

• To inhibit Smoothened

• To degrade Smoothened

What occurs when the C protein is in its active form?

• It phosphorylates other proteins

• It inhibits Smoothened

• It binds to DNA and induces target genes

• It is degraded in the proteasome