The most appropriate endpoint of resuscitation in pediatric septic shock is:

• Normal blood pressure

• Warm extremities, cap refill <2 s, adequate urine output

• CVP 12 mmHg

• HR <100/min

Which of the following best differentiates cold and warm shock in a child?

• Blood pressure

• Capillary refill and pulse volume

• Heart rate

• Urine output

The fluid of choice for resuscitation in pediatric septic shock according to the 2020 Surviving Sepsis Guidelines is:

• 5% Dextrose

• Normal saline

• Balanced crystalloids (Ringer’s lactate/PlasmaLyte)

• Hydroxyethyl starch

Which of the following parameters is most reliable for assessing fluid responsiveness in a ventilated child with septic shock?

• Capillary refill time

• Heart rate

• Pulse pressure variation

• Urine output

The most specific biochemical marker of diabetic ketoacidosis is:

• Acetoacetate

• β-hydroxybutyrate

• Acetone

• Blood pH

When blood glucose falls below 250 mg/dL during treatment of DKA:

• Stop insulin infusion

• Add 5% dextrose to fluids

• Reduce fluids by half

• Start subcutaneous insulin immediately

Earliest clinical indicator of cerebral edema in DKA is:

• Papilledema

• Bradycardia

• Headache and altered sensorium

• Vomiting

In DKA, corrected serum sodium is calculated as:

• Na + (1.6 × (Glucose–100)/100)

• Na – (1.6 × (Glucose–100)/100)

• Na + (0.016 × Glucose)

• Na + (2 × (Glucose–100)/100)

Hypertonic saline is preferred over mannitol in managing raised ICP when:

• Hypotension coexists

• Serum sodium >155 mmol/L

• Osmolality >320 mOsm/kg

• Diabetes insipidus present

Most reliable noninvasive indicator of rising ICP:

• Cushing’s triad

• Papilledema

• Decline in GCS

• Bradycardia