What two major factors contributed to the emergence of rap and hip hop in the late 1970s in New York City?

• The rise of disco music and dance clubs.

• Increased government funding for arts programs and community centers.

• Economic and political inequality after the Civil Rights era, and the Black Arts Movement.

• A decline in other music genres, creating a void for new sounds.

How did hip hop's emergence into the mainstream by the 1990s impact individual artists and the music industry?

• It led to a decrease in musical innovation and creativity.

• It caused a decline in the overall popularity of music.

• It created upward mobility for artists, lifting many out of poverty, and revolutionized music production.

• It resulted in a shift away from social commentary in music.

Which of the following social and political issues were commonly explored by early hip hop artists?

• Fashion trends and celebrity gossip.

• State surveillance, drug addiction, unemployment, and racism.

• International trade agreements and foreign policy.

• Environmental conservation and animal rights.

What are considered the four main pillars of hip hop culture?

• Singing, playing instruments, songwriting, and music production.

• Deejaying, rapping, graffiti art, and breakdancing.

• Poetry, theater, visual art, and literature.

• Fashion design, culinary arts, photography, and filmmaking.

Which artists and record labels were central to the East Coast-West Coast hip-hop rivalry?

• Tupac Shakur (Bad Boy Records) and The Notorious B.I.G. (Death Row Records)

• Tupac Shakur (Death Row Records) and The Notorious B.I.G. (Bad Boy Records)

• Ice-T (Death Row Records) and Sean "Puffy" Combs (Bad Boy Records)

• Suge Knight (Bad Boy Records) and The Notorious B.I.G. (Death Row Records)

What social issue did N.W.A's most popular and controversial songs address?

• Economic inequality in Los Angeles and Oakland

• The rivalry between East Coast and West Coast artists

• Police brutality and the legitimacy of policing

• The glorification of "ghetto life" and violence

Which civil rights activist and politician campaigned against rap music in the 1990s, viewing it as a threat to Black communities?

• Queen Latifah

• C. Delores Tucker

• Lauryn Hill

• Missy Elliott

How did female rappers in the 1990s change the tone of rap music?

• They focused primarily on the East Coast-West Coast rivalry.

• They continued to antagonize and objectify women in their lyrics.

• They foregrounded Black feminist messaging and addressed issues like sexism and sexual harassment.

• They exclusively promoted hypermasculine themes in their songs.