State Models

According to Robert Dahl (1971), a polyarchy is characterized by:

• A. A single ruling party

• B. Inclusive suffrage, competition, and freedom of expression

• C. Military control over civilians

• D. Absence of opposition

Juan Linz (2000) describes authoritarian regimes as having:

• Strong protection of civil rights

• Frequent competitive elections

• Limited political pluralism and low mobilization

• High political pluralism

Levitsky and Way (2010) define competitive authoritarianism as:

• Military dictatorship

• Pure democracy

• Regimes combining elections with systematic abuses of democratic rules

• Monarchical government

The concept of defective democracy was developed by:

• A. Morlino

• B. Linz

• C. Merkel

• D. Huntington

In authoritarian regimes, legitimacy is often based on:

• Civic participation

• Performance (economic growth, stability)

• Judicial independence

• Free elections

Which regime type often blends democratic institutions with authoritarian practices?

• Totalitarian regime

• Hybrid regime

• Military regime

• Liberal democracy

According to Levitsky and Way (2010), “linkage and leverage” refers to:

• Military power-sharing

• External influence on regime behavior

• Internal legitimacy building

• Economic development strategy

Which of the following is an example of a competitive authoritarian regime?

• New Zealand

• Norway

• Sweden

• Russia

The process of democratic backsliding refers to:

• Peaceful political reform

• Strengthening of democracy

• Erosion of democratic norms and institutions

• Rise of new parties

Which statement best fits Morlino’s (2011) view of hybrid regimes?

• They are purely authoritarian

• They can be stable forms of governance combining democratic and authoritarian traits

• They are found only in Europe

• They are transitional and unstable