Programming Concepts and C++

What are the main characteristics of programming?

• The main characteristics of programming are syntax, semantics, abstraction, modularity, and efficiency.

• Efficiency is only about speed

• Modularity is not important in programming

• Syntax and semantics are the same

List and describe two types of programming methodologies.

• 1. Agile: An iterative methodology focusing on flexibility and customer feedback. 2. Waterfall: A linear methodology where each phase is completed sequentially.

• Scrum: A methodology focused on long-term planning and documentation.

• DevOps: A methodology that prioritizes hardware over software development.

• Spiral: A methodology that emphasizes a single, fixed sequence of development phases.

What are the four main principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

• Polymorphism, Composition, Inheritance, Reflection

• Composition, Aggregation, Delegation, Interface

• Inheritance, Overloading, Encapsulation, Serialization

• Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism

How does Procedure-Oriented Programming differ from Object-Oriented Programming?

• POP emphasizes procedures and functions, while OOP emphasizes objects that encapsulate data and behavior.

• OOP uses global variables extensively, while POP does not.

• POP focuses on data structures, while OOP focuses on algorithms.

• POP is only used in web development, while OOP is used in desktop applications.

What are the advantages of using Object-Oriented Programming?

• Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and improved maintainability.

• Simplified data storage methods

• Code reusability through functions

• Faster execution speed

Explain the structure of a basic C++ program.

• A basic C++ program structure includes preprocessor directives, the main function, statements, and a return statement.

• A basic C++ program consists only of comments and whitespace.

• A C++ program must include a graphics library to run.

• The main function is optional in a C++ program structure.

What are tokens in C++ and why are they important?

• Tokens are only used for variable declarations.

• Tokens are only relevant in object-oriented programming.

• Tokens in C++ are the smallest elements of a program, crucial for code parsing and compilation.

• Tokens are the same as keywords in C++.

Describe the purpose of the scope resolution operator in C++.

• The scope resolution operator allows access to global scope and disambiguates names in different scopes.

• The scope resolution operator is a tool for defining new data types.

• The scope resolution operator is used to create inline functions.

• The scope resolution operator is used for memory management in C++.

What is the difference between 'break' and 'continue' in loops?

• 'break' continues the loop; 'continue' exits the loop entirely.

• Both 'break' and 'continue' exit the loop but in different ways.

• 'break' skips to the next iteration; 'continue' exits the loop.

• 'break' exits the loop; 'continue' skips to the next iteration.

How do you perform type conversion in C++?

• Using string concatenation for type conversion

• Using only printf for conversion

• Type conversion in C++ can be performed using implicit conversion, explicit casting (static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast), or user-defined conversion operators.

• Declaring variables without types