Suppose a researcher wants to study student stress. According to the passage, what might their methodology be based on?

Psychological theories about coping and resilience

Which of the following is an example of research?

Conducting experiments to test a hypothesis

Authority refers to the acceptance of claims simply because they are made by which of the following?

Experts, leaders, or institutions

Which of the following are examples of authority, tradition, and common sense?

A police officer enforcing laws, celebrating national holidays, and believing that the sun rises in the east

A scientist conducting experiments, inventing new technology, and writing fiction

A chef creating new recipes, a musician composing original music, and an artist painting abstract art

A student solving math problems, a programmer coding software, and an athlete training for a marathon

According to the passage, why is social sciences research important?

Because it subjects sources of knowledge to systematic testing.

Because it only relies on opinions and beliefs.

Because it ignores evidence and data.

Because it focuses solely on natural sciences.

What is one example of a tradition mentioned in the passage that persists despite research showing its limitations?

Traditions around rigid gender roles.

Traditions around vegetarian diets.

Traditions around holiday celebrations.

Traditions around language learning.

What is exploratory research?

Research that investigates areas where little prior knowledge exists

Research that confirms existing theories

Research that only uses quantitative methods

Research that is always rigid and non-iterative

What is the main purpose of descriptive research?

To document the characteristics of an event or pattern with accuracy and detail.

To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

To test hypotheses through experimental manipulation.

To predict future trends based on current data.

What is the main goal of explanatory research?

To figure out why something happens by looking for causes and testing whether one factor influences another.

To simply describe the characteristics of a phenomenon without looking for causes.

To predict future trends based on current data.

To collect data without any specific purpose in mind.

What does 'omitted variables' refer to in explanatory research?

Missing factors that influence both cause and effect, which can distort results.

Variables that are intentionally included to improve accuracy.

Factors that have no impact on the research outcome.

Variables that are always measured directly in every study.

What does mixed-methods research combine?

Quantitative and qualitative approaches

Neither quantitative nor qualitative approaches

What does triangulation mean in the context of mixed-methods research?

Using multiple methods or sources to check consistency of findings

Ignoring consistency of findings

What does 'informed consent' mean in the context of research ethics?

Participants understand what they are agreeing to.

Researchers can conduct any experiment they want.

Participants must participate without question.