Biological Approach

The main aim of Dement & Kleitman’s study was to:

• Test if REM and NREM sleep have different dream recall rates

• Measure how mindfulness affects brain structure

• Compare toy preferences in male and female monkeys

• Test memory recall using word lists

Which method did Dement & Kleitman use to detect REM sleep?

• fMRI scans

• EEG recordings

• PET scans

• Self-report questionnaires

What was the correlation between REM duration and dream length?

• Weak positive

• Strong positive

• Negative

• No correlation

What type of brain imaging did Hölzel et al. use?

• EEG

• fMRI

• MRI

• CT scan

How long was the mindfulness training programme in Hölzel et al.’s study?

• 4 weeks

• 8 weeks

• 12 weeks

• 6 months

Which brain area showed increased grey matter density after mindfulness practice?

• Cerebellum

• Hippocampus

• Amygdala

• Prefrontal cortex

Dement & Kleitman found that REM sleep is strongly linked to dreaming.

Hölzel et al. used a cross-sectional design to measure brain changes.

The hippocampus is responsible for emotional memory consolidation.

Hassett et al.’s findings suggest only socialisation determines toy preference.