Unit 0: Research Terms

Which of the following best describes a Between-Subjects Design?

• The same people experience all conditions of the experiment.

• Different groups of people experience different conditions in the experiment.

• A deep, detailed study of one person.

• A method to prevent order effects.

Which of the following best describes a Within-Subjects Design?

• Different groups of people experience different conditions in the experiment.

• The same people experience all conditions of the experiment.

• Used for rare or unusual cases.

• Used to prevent order effects.

What is causal ambiguity? Fill in the blank: When two things seem related, but a third factor might be causing both, this is called ________.

• causal ambiguity (third-variable problem)

• direct causation

• reverse causation

• spurious correlation

Which group gets the treatment or variable being tested?

• Control group

• Experimental group

• Case study group

• Correlation group

What are demand characteristics in a study?

• Hints or clues in a study that tell participants what the researcher expects—this can influence how they behave.

• The statistical methods used to analyze data in a study.

• The physical environment where the study takes place.

• The ethical guidelines researchers must follow during a study.

What is an error in the context of research data?

• Random mistakes in data.

• Intentional manipulation of results.

• Systematic bias introduced by the researcher.

• Perfect accuracy in measurements.

What is bias in research?

• Systematic errors that skew results in one direction, often due to personal beliefs or flawed procedures.

• A method to ensure accuracy in data collection.

• Random mistakes that occur by chance in experiments.

• A process of double-checking research findings.

What is a quasi-experimental design?

• No random assignment, so it’s harder to say one thing caused another.

• It always uses random assignment to groups.

• It never involves any control group.

• It guarantees that one variable causes another.

What is a frequency distribution?

• A table or graph that shows how often different scores appear.

• A method for calculating averages.

• A process for collecting data from experiments.

• A type of statistical error.

What is a histogram?

• A bar graph that shows score frequency.

• A type of pie chart used for percentages.

• A line graph that shows trends over time.

• A scatter plot showing relationships between variables.