Functions and Balance of Water in the Body

Explain the functions of water in the human body. Include roles in biochemical reactions, temperature regulation, nutrient transport, waste removal, and structure of cells.

Describe the distribution of water in the human body. Include percentages of intracellular fluid (ICF), extracellular fluid (ECF), intravascular and extravascular fluid in a 65 kg person.

Discuss the mechanisms regulating water balance in the human body. Explain the roles of ADH, aldosterone, thirst center, and urine formation in maintaining homeostasis.

Define overhydration. List its causes, symptoms, and treatment. Support your answer with physiological explanation and examples of clinical conditions.

Define dehydration. Explain its causes, types, complications, signs, and treatment. Include the role of ORS and ORT in rehydration.

Compare the composition of electrolytes in ECF and ICF. Provide tabular differentiation and explain the importance of maintaining osmotic and electrical balance.

Explain the regulation of electrolyte balance. Discuss in detail the role of aldosterone, ADH, ANF, and the renin-angiotensin system.

Write a detailed note on sodium: its distribution, functions, sources, absorption, and excretion. Also explain sodium balance and the effects of deficiency.

Explain the clinical significance of osmolality and osmolarity in water and electrolyte balance. Include normal ranges, influence of sodium, and relevance in dehydration or overhydration.

Describe the sources of water intake and the routes of water output (water turnover). Support with quantities for a healthy adult and mention how this balance is altered in different climates.