Bài 1

Normal gingiva, which is histologically free from significant accumulation of inflammatory cells, may be present:

• Pristine gingiva.

• Clinically healthy gingiva.

• Stage I gingival inflammation: The initial lesion.

• Stage II gingival inflammation: The early lesion

It looks clinically similar to pristine gingiva but histologically features an inflammatory infiltrate with predominantly neutrophils associated with junctional epithelium and lymphocytes in the subjacent connective tissue. It is:

• Stage I gingival inflammation: The initial lesion.

• Clinically healthy gingiva.

• Acute Gingivitis.

• Chronic gingivitis

The first manifestations of gingival inflammation are vascular changes consisting of dilated capillaries and increased blood flow. These initial inflammatory changes occur in response to the microbial activation of resident leukocytes and subsequent stimulation of endothelial cells. Clinically, this initial response of the gingiva to bacterial plaque, i.e. subclinical gingivitis, is not apparent. It is:

• Stage I gingival inflammation: The initial lesion.

• Stage III gingival inflammation: The established lesion.

• Acute Gingivitis.

• Chronic gingivitis

Clinically, the early lesion may appear as early gingivitis, and it overlaps with and evolves from the initial lesion with no clear-cut dividing line. As time goes on, clinical signs of erythema may appear, mainly because of the proliferation of capillaries and the increased formation of capillary loops between rete pegs or ridges. Bleeding on probing may also be evident. It is:

• Clinically healthy gingiva.

• Pristine gingiva.

• Stage II gingival inflammation: The early lesion.

• Stage IV gingival inflammation: The advanced lesion.

Clinical signs can be described as chronic gingivitis, it is:

• Pristine gingiva.

• Clinically healthy gingiva.

• Stage IV gingival inflammation: The advanced lesion

• Stage III gingival inflammation: The established lesion.

The extension of the lesion into alveolar bone with periodontal breakdown, it is:

• Stage II gingival inflammation: The early lesion.

• Stage IV gingival inflammation: The advanced lesion.

• Pristine gingiva.

• Acute Gingivitis.

Clinically, healthy gingiva can develop gingivitis, which can occur suddenly for a short duration and may be painful. A less severe phase of this condition can also occur. It is:

• Acute Gingivitis.

• Chronic gingivitis.

• Pristine gingiva.

• Clinically healthy gingiva.

Gingivitis is slow in onset and of long duration. It is painless, unless it is complicated by acute or subacute exacerbations, and it is the type that is most often encountered. It is:

• Acute gingivitis.

• Chronic gingivitis.

• Pristine gingiva.

• Clinically healthy gingiva.

Gingivitis reappears after having been eliminated by treatment or disappearing spontaneously. It is:

• Acute gingivitis.

• Chronic gingivitis.

• Recurrent gingivitis.

• Pristine gingiva.

Gingivitis affects the gingival margin and may extend to involve a portion of the contiguous attached gingiva. It is:

• Localized gingivitis.

• Marginal gingivitis.

• Papillary gingivitis.

• Localized diffuse gingivitis.