106-140

A scientific paper states: "Deaths from hand-foot-mouth disease at Dak Lak hospital in 2011 occurred sporadically throughout the year, mostly in boys, and were treated late." Which epidemiological approach is appropriate for this conclusion?

• Neither descriptive nor analytical epidemiology

• Analytical epidemiology

• Descriptive epidemiology

• Both descriptive and analytical epidemiology

The association between a risk factor and an outcome, where the factor is considered a cause, is based on criteria proposed by which author/organization?

• U.S. CDC

• Bradford Hill

• World Health Organization

• John Snow

The analytical epidemiological study design is used to:

• Describe disease risk factors

• Test hypotheses about the relationship between disease and exposure

• Formulate hypotheses about disease and exposure relationship

• Describe disease distribution by person, place, and time

A study published in The Lancet describes a COVID-19 patient in Vietnam, including travel history, clinical and subclinical characteristics. What type of study design is this?

• Ecological study

• Cohort study

• Case series study

• Case report study

Etiological (cause-based) prevention falls under which level of prevention?

• Level 0 prevention

• Level 2 prevention

• Level 3 prevention

• Level 1 prevention

When medical records for the case group have less information compared to interviews with the control group, this leads to:

• All of the above

• Information bias

• Confounding

• Selection bias

What describes Level II prevention?

• Community-wide prevention of behavior-related non-communicable diseases

• The best strategy to prevent new outbreaks

• Targets high-risk individuals for early diagnosis and treatment

• Preventing disease complications

Which of the following epidemiological study designs provides the lowest scientific evidence for proving causality?

• Randomized clinical trial

• Prospective cohort study

• Retrospective cohort study

• Case-control study

A scientific paper writes: "A retrospective study of 744 pediatric patients with hand-foot-mouth disease at Dak Lak hospital in 2011 showed that the disease occurred year-round." Which term from the epidemiology definition is appropriate here?

• Distribution

• Application

• Determination

• Health-related condition

According to Bradford Hill's criteria for causality, which criterion requires that the exposure occur before disease onset in a reasonable time frame?

• Specificity

• Reversibility

• Consistency

• Temporality