Quiz about BIOL 2401 Exam 2 Review

Question 1

How do melanocytes contribute to the function of the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce pigment for UV protection.

Answer

They produce keratin for waterproofing

Answer

They act as antigen-presenting cells for immune response.

Answer

They are found in all layers including the stratum corneum.

Question 2

Which factor is NOT directly responsible for affecting skin pigmentation?

Accepted Answer

Thickness of the hypodermis

Answer

Degree of transfer within the dermis

Answer

Type of melanin produced

Answer

Size and number of melanosomes produced

Question 3

What is the correct sequence of the epidermal layers from the outermost to the innermost layer in thick skin?

Accepted Answer

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale

Answer

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum

Answer

Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, Stratum lucidum

Answer

Stratum lucidum, Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum

Question 4

layer of the epidermis that is NOT found in thin skin.

Accepted Answer

Stratum lucidum

Answer

Stratum basale

Answer

Stratum spinosum

Answer

Stratum granulosum

Question 5

Vitamin D3 is important for the absorption of what biologically important ion?

Accepted Answer

calcium

Answer

potassium

Answer

iron

Answer

magnesium

Answer

nitrogen

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the primary functions of the dermis?

Accepted Answer

Supports epidermis and provides sensory functions.

Answer

Serves as a major site for keratinocyte production.

Answer

Specializes in pigmentation and vitamin D production.

Answer

Acts as a protective barrier against pathogens.

Question 7

What is a primary function of the hypodermis in the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage and insulation

Answer

Protection from UV radiation

Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D

Answer

Keratin production

Question 8

Ricky just completed a 2-hour cardio session at the gym. To cool the body down after an intensive workout, his body ______.

Accepted Answer

increases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity

Answer

increases sudoriferous apocrine gland activity

Answer

decreases sudoriferous apocrine gland activity

Answer

decreases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity

Question 9

The epiphyses of long bones are covered by ______.

Accepted Answer

hyaline cartilage

Answer

periosteum

Answer

endosteum

Answer

cartosteum

Answer

canals

Question 10

Compare the role of collagen and hydroxyapatite in bone physiology.

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyapatite provides protection against compressive forces, while collagen protects against bone flexing.

Answer

Collagen provides protection against compressive forces, while hydroxyapatite protects against bone flexing.

Answer

Collagen stores calcium within bone, while hydroxyapatite determines bone length.

Answer

Both hydroxyapatite and collagen act as a template for bone growth.

Question 11

Select the answer that correctly describes the cells involved in bone remodeling.

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts remove old bone, while osteoblasts form new bone.

Answer

Osteoclast form new bone, osteocytes remodel existing bone, and osteoblasts remove old bone.

Answer

Osteoclasts remove osteons in the diaphysis, while osteoblasts form new bone on the epiphyses of bone.

Answer

Osteoclasts decrease bone diameter as a response to mechanical stresses.

Question 12

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate plasma calcium levels when they are too low?

Accepted Answer

By stimulating osteoclast activity to release stored calcium into the blood.

Answer

By increasing activity of osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bones.

Answer

By enhancing calcitonin secretion for promoting calcium absorption.

Answer

By promoting increased excretion of calcium through the kidneys.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage to form most of the skeleton.

Answer

Endochondral ossification forms membranous bones from fibrous membranes.

Answer

Intramembranous ossification replaces most of the fetal skeleton with hyaline cartilage.

Answer

Intramembranous ossification involves bone formation through hyaline cartilage.

Question 14

The axis is another name for the second thoracic vertebrae.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 15

Through which of these structures does the spinal cord pass?

Accepted Answer

vertebral foramen

Answer

spinous process

Answer

pedicle

Answer

transverse process

Answer

intervertebral foramina

Question 16

Without the hyoid bone, we could not ______.

Accepted Answer

swallow food properly

Answer

chew our food properly

Answer

smell odors properly

Answer

hear sounds properly

Answer

close our eyes properly

Question 17

The connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton is made through the ______ and ______.

Accepted Answer

clavicle; sternum

Answer

humerus; sternum

Answer

clavicle; acromion

Answer

scapula; humerus

Answer

humerus; scapula

Question 18

The prominent knob of the elbow is the ______.

Accepted Answer

olecranon process

Answer

deltoid tuberosity

Answer

trochlea line

Answer

capitulum fossa

Answer

ulnar styloid process

Question 19

True or False: The superior (i.e., top) edge of the ilium is the iliac crest.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 20

How do joint classifications inform their functionality and potential for movement?

Accepted Answer

By the type of connective tissue and joint movement allowed.

Answer

By the presence of a joint capsule only.

Answer

By the stability the joint provides.

Answer

By the joint's location in the body.

Question 21

What is a distinguishing feature of biaxial synovial joints compared to uniaxial joints?

Accepted Answer

They have two axes of rotation, allowing for movements like abduction and circumduction.

Answer

They possess three axes of rotation and allow for circumduction.

Answer

They have no identifiable axis of rotation and allow for gliding movements.

Answer

They share only one axis of rotation and are limited to hinge-like movements.

Question 22

What role, if any, does synovial fluid play in joint homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Synovial fluid lowers friction between moving parts.

Accepted Answer

Synovial fluid provides nutrients to and removes wastes from chondrocytes.

Answer

Blood vessels in the joint space release oxygen to the synovial fluid.

Answer

Synovial fluid does not have a role in homeostasis.

Question 23

True or False: Joints connecting ribs to the vertebral column are immovable.

Accepted Answer

False

Answer

True

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint?

Accepted Answer

a tooth articulating with its socket in the jaw

Accepted Answer

the two parietal bones of the skull articulating with each other

Answer

a vertebral body articulating with a neighboring vertebral body

Answer

an epiphysis articulating with a diaphysis

Question 25

What type of tissue is located between the bones in a symphysis?

Accepted Answer

fibrocartilage

Answer

hyaline cartilage

Answer

spongy bone

Answer

synovial fluid

Question 26

Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis __________.

Accepted Answer

can affect just one joint

Answer

affects only small joints, while rheumatoid arthritis only affects large joints

Answer

is characterized by joint inflammation

Answer

is an autoimmune disease

Answer

all of the above

Question 27

Stretch marks are the result of ________ tearing due to pregnancy or extreme weight gain.

Accepted Answer

elastic fibers

Answer

collagen fibers

Answer

epidermis

Answer

stratum corneum

Question 28

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between stratum corneum and stratum basale?

Accepted Answer

The stratum basale has dividing cells; the stratum corneum does not.

Answer

The stratum basale contains blood vessels; the stratum corneum does not.

Answer

The stratum basale has lost all organelles; the stratum corneum has not.

Answer

The stratum corneum is directly next to the hypodermis; the stratum basale is more superficial.

Question 29

Why do keratinocytes die once they reach the top of the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They are cut off from nutrients.

Answer

They die as a result of releasing melanin.

Answer

They die from UV radiation.

Answer

They die as a result of desquamation.

Question 30

Which statement best describes the difference between thick and thin skin?

Accepted Answer

The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.

Answer

Keratinocytes are only found in thin skin.

Answer

The stratum basale is only found in thick skin.

Answer

Keratohyalin is only found in the stratum basale.

Question 31

What is the importance of melanin in the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

Melanin provides protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation.

Answer

Melanin allows the skin to resist physical abrasion from friction.

Answer

Melanin is needed for the correct epidermal thickness in areas of the body that experience friction.

Answer

Melanin provides the substrate for vitamin D synthesis.

Question 32

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer manifesting as asymmetrical brown or black irregular patches on the skin. These are caused by the uncontrolled cell growth of these pigment-producing cells.

Accepted Answer

melanocytes

Answer

keratinocytes

Answer

melanoblasts

Answer

carotenocytes

Answer

keratinoblasts

Question 33

Which layer has an active role in defending the body against foreign pathogens?

Accepted Answer

the epidermis

Answer

the dermis

Answer

the hypodermis

Answer

none of the above

Question 34

Candace is pan frying some chicken over the stovetop on high heat when she accidentally bumps the edge of her hand onto the pan. After running the burned area over cooled water, she notices that the area has begun to blister. This is due to damage between which two layers?

Accepted Answer

stratum basale and dermal papillary layer

Answer

stratum lucidum and granulosum

Answer

stratum ganulosum and spinosum

Answer

stratum spinosum and basale

Answer

dermal papillary layer and dermal reticular layer

Question 35

Acne commonly arises during puberty for many teenagers, due to increased ________ production. This, in turn, makes the skin more oily and can block hair follicles, which potentially become infected.

Accepted Answer

sebum

Answer

keratin

Answer

sweat

Answer

carotene

Answer

vitamin D

Question 36

Which of the following best describes the main physiological function of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

protection

Answer

thermal regulation

Answer

blood reservoir

Answer

mineral storage

Answer

blood cell production

Question 37

Which of the following is the best definition of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae

Answer

all the bones in the body above the belt

Answer

all the bones in the body below the belt

Answer

all the bones that make up the limbs

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

to provide a reservoir of collagen

Answer

to support the body

Answer

to work with muscles to move tissues

Answer

to protect the central nervous system from mechanical trauma

Answer

to provide a reservoir of calcium and phosphate

Question 39

Which of the following is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

osteon

Answer

periosteum

Answer

trabeculae

Answer

lamellae

Answer

lacunae

Question 40

Compare the function of osteoclasts to osteocytes.

Accepted Answer

Osteocytes maintain existing bone, while osteoclasts resorb bone.

Answer

Osteoclasts resorb bone, while osteocytes make new bone.

Answer

Osteocytes resorb bone, while osteoclasts remodel bone.

Answer

Osteoclasts are stem cells that give rise to all of the other cells found within bones.

Question 41

Predict what would happen if the epiphyseal plate never ossified.

Accepted Answer

Long bones would continue growing in length

Answer

Long bones would never grow to full length.

Answer

Compact bone would not form into long bones.

Answer

Calcium would be lost from epiphyseal lines.

Question 42

What is the purpose of the costal groove of a rib?

Accepted Answer

It is a conduit for nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

Answer

It is where the numerically corresponding vertebrae articulates with the rib.

Answer

It is where the ribs attach to the sternum.

Answer

It is where the costal cartilage begins.

Question 43

I anticipate that if the skull were to be comprised of a single piece of bone, it would lead to ______.

Accepted Answer

improved protection of the brain, but the skull would not allow for any changes in brain size during growth

Answer

a requirement for larger muscles to move the skull

Answer

smaller muscles needed to move the skull

Answer

many more fossa or foramina in the skull

Question 44

Hypothesize how a pregnancy would affect vertebrae curvature.

Accepted Answer

The lumbar curvature would be greater.

Answer

The cervical curvature would be greater.

Answer

The lumbar curvature would be less.

Answer

The thoracic curvature would be less.

Question 45

Which statement best distinguishes the difference between concentric lamellae and perforating canals inside bones?

Accepted Answer

Concentric lamellae are cylindrical structures within osteons; perforating canals are perpendicular channels that connect neighboring osteons.

Answer

Concentric lamellae are a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to enter osteons; perforating canals directly connect the fluid surrounding osteocytes.

Answer

Perforating canals are a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to enter osteons; concentric lamellae are small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes.

Answer

Concentric lamellae are small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes; perforating canals directly connect the fluid surrounding osteocytes.

Question 46

Which statement best describes how constant exercise would change the likelihood of osteoporosis in older women?

Accepted Answer

Exercise at any age increases bone density, which is decreased by osteoporosis.

Answer

Exercise increases the removal of osteoporotic bone by osteoclasts.

Answer

Exercise can increase the likelihood of osteoporosis if there is insufficient phosphate in the diet.

Answer

Constant exercise has been shown to have no effect on the course of osteoporosis.

Question 47

Identify the bones that make up the elbow joint.

Accepted Answer

humerus, radius, and ulna

Answer

radius, ulna, and tarsal bones

Answer

radius, ulna, and carpal bones

Answer

humerus, scapula, and sternum

Question 48

The head of the humerus forms a joint with the ________.

Accepted Answer

glenoid fossa

Answer

acetabulum

Answer

acromion

Answer

ischium

Answer

pubic bone

Question 49

The angle where the left and right pubic bones meet is called the __________.

Accepted Answer

pubic arch

Answer

superior pubic ramus

Answer

pubic body

Answer

inferior pubic ramus

Question 50

The patellar ligament extends beyond the tendon within the ________ muscle and inserts into the ________ of the lower leg.

Accepted Answer

quadriceps femoris; tibia

Answer

quadriceps lateralis; fibula

Answer

quadriceps femoris; fibula

Answer

quadriceps lateralis; tibia

Question 51

Female pelvic bones are wider

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 52

The two pelvic bones articulate with each other directly at the __________.

Accepted Answer

pubic symphysis

Answer

sacroiliac joint

Answer

coxal joint

Answer

pelvic symphysis

Question 53

Why is the foot arched?

Accepted Answer

This helps to distribute weight equally over the tarsal bones..

Answer

This helps to distribute weight equally over the carpal bones.

Answer

This is because of the joint formed between the tibia and talus.

Answer

This because of the joints between the tarsal bones and the phalanges.

Question 54

Which bones form the shoulder joint?

Accepted Answer

scapula, clavicle, and humerus

Answer

scapula and clavicle

Answer

clavicle and humerus

Answer

scapula and humerus

Question 55

Which of the following bones form the pectoral girdle?

Accepted Answer

scapula

Accepted Answer

clavicle

Answer

humerus

Answer

clade

Answer

sternum

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

Accepted Answer

symphysis

Answer

gomphosis

Answer

suture

Answer

syndesmoses

Answer

synovial

Question 57

Compare the function of a bursa to a meniscus.

Accepted Answer

A bursa reduces the friction of moving muscles around a joint, a meniscus cushions the joint between two bones.

Answer

A meniscus reduces the friction of moving muscles around a joint, a bursa cushions the joint between two bones.

Answer

A bursa is part of a muscle ligament that connects bones to skeletal muscle.

Answer

A meniscus is a fluid-filled bag found in all synovial joints.

Question 58

What do hinge and saddle joints have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both have joint capsules filled with fluid.

Answer

Both are fibrous joints.

Answer

Both are triaxial joints.

Answer

Both have convex surfaces that form a joint with a convex surface.

Question 59

What is an example of a symphysis joint?

Accepted Answer

joints between vertebral bodies

Answer

intercarpal joints, which have slight movement

Answer

shoulder, due to the glenoid labrum

Answer

joints between the tibia and fibula

Question 60

Uniaxial joints such as the ________ allow the following movements: ________.

Accepted Answer

elbow; flexion and extension

Answer

radioulnar; pronation and supination

Answer

both A and B

Answer

neither A nor B

Question 61

The vertebral column is stabilized by ____________________.

Accepted Answer

all of the above

Answer

anterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer

posterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer

supraspinous ligaments

Question 62

Friction-free movement is made possible in __________ joints due to __________.

Accepted Answer

synovial; synovial fluid and hyaline cartilage together

Answer

symphysis; fibrocartilage pads

Answer

synovial; synovial fluid

Answer

synchondrosis; hyaline cartilage

Answer

synovial; hyaline cartilage alone

Question 63

Unlike a synchondrosis, a symphysis __________.

Accepted Answer

allows slight movement

Answer

is a fibrous joint

Answer

is a cartilaginous joint

Answer

is a synovial joint

Answer

does not allow movement

Question 64

Which of the following is the middle layer of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

dermis

Answer

hypodermis

Answer

epidermis

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