FON 241 Exam 1

Diabetes: what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 in terms of cause/impact on insulin?

• Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, while Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and eventual insulin deficiency.
• Type 2 diabetes is solely due to genetic factors without any lifestyle impact.
• Type 1 diabetes is caused by poor diet and lifestyle choices.
• Type 1 diabetes leads to excessive insulin production, while Type 2 leads to no insulin production.

Type 2 Diabetes: risk factors?

• High sugar intake
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Frequent exercise
• Obesity, physical inactivity, family history, age, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and certain ethnic backgrounds.

Type 2 Diabetes: Dietary changes and why

• Increasing sugar intake
• Eliminating all carbohydrates
• Consuming only processed foods
• Dietary changes for Type 2 Diabetes include reducing refined carbs, increasing fiber, and incorporating healthy fats.

Type 2 Diabetes: Complications and how to decrease risk?

• To decrease the risk of complications from Type 2 diabetes, maintain a healthy lifestyle, monitor blood sugar, and follow medical advice.
• Stop taking prescribed medications
• Ignore blood sugar levels
• Eat a high-sugar diet

Fiber: recommendations, health benefits, and guidelines for increasing fiber intake (rate of
increase, what else to add).

• Aim for 10-15 grams of fiber daily for optimal health.
• Add more sugary snacks to your diet for better fiber intake.
• Increase fiber intake by consuming only processed foods.
• Increase fiber intake gradually by adding fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, aiming for 25-30 grams daily.

Concerns with excessive intake of added sugar?

• Health risks such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
• Lower risk of dental cavities and improved skin health.
• Enhanced immune function and better digestion.
• Increased energy levels and improved mood.

What are whole grains and how can you identify whole grain foods?

• Whole grains are grains that include the entire kernel (bran, germ, and endosperm) and you can identify them by looking for 'whole grain' on labels and checking the ingredient list.

• Whole grains are grains that have been processed to remove the bran and germ.
• You can identify whole grains by their bright color and shiny appearance.
• Whole grains are only found in bread and pasta.

Explain the role of insulin and glucagon?

• Insulin raises blood sugar; glucagon lowers blood sugar.
• Insulin has no effect on blood sugar; glucagon only lowers it.
• Insulin and glucagon both lower blood sugar levels.
• Insulin lowers blood sugar; glucagon raises blood sugar.

How does insulin work in the body?

• Insulin increases blood sugar levels by blocking glucose absorption.
• Insulin is a hormone that promotes fat storage in the liver.
• Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels.
• Insulin directly converts glucose into energy without affecting blood sugar.

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

• Glucagon lowers blood glucose levels by inhibiting glycogenolysis.
• Glucagon promotes fat storage in adipose tissue.
• Glucagon increases insulin secretion from the pancreas.
• Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.