THE LIVING EARTH B FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Which of the following can cause cancer and how can it be treated?

• Caused by bacteria; treated with antibiotics

• Caused by uncontrolled cell division; treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation

• Caused by viruses; treated with vaccines only

• Caused by lack of exercise; treated with physical therapy

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A Punnett square shows you:

• the possible genetic outcomes of a cross

• the structure of a DNA molecule

• the genotypes of the parents

• the process of cell division

In starfish, red color (R) is dominant to yellow color (r). Cross a homozygous dominant starfish with a heterozygous starfish. What is the probability that their offspring will be red?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 100%

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The alleles for curly hair (C) and straight hair (C’) show incomplete dominance. Heterozygous individuals have wavy hair. If a wavy haired woman marries a wavy haired man, which of the following represents the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children?

• 25% curly (CC), 50% wavy (CC’), 25% straight (C’C’)

• 50% curly (CC), 50% straight (C’C’)

• 100% wavy (CC’)

• 75% curly (CC), 25% straight (C’C’)

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In a fish, red (R) and blue (B) scales are codominant. A heterozygous fish has both red and blue scales in a spotted pattern. If a spotted fish is mated with a blue fish, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?

• All offspring will have blue scales (BB).

• All offspring will have red scales (RR).

• Half will be spotted (RB) and half will be blue (BB).

• Half will be red (RR) and half will be blue (BB).

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A man with type B (IB) blood, whose mother is type O (i), marries a woman with type A (IA) blood, whose mother was also type O. What are the possible genotype and phenotypes of their future offspring?

• Genotypes: IAIB, IAi, IBi, ii; Phenotypes: A, B, AB, O

• Genotypes: IAIB, IAi, IBi; Phenotypes: A, B, AB

• Genotypes: IAIB, ii; Phenotypes: AB, O

• Genotypes: IAi, IBi; Phenotypes: A, B

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Red and green colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A colorblind (XcY) man marries a woman with normal vision (XCXc). They have 3 children, Mary, Peter, and Alice. Mary and Peter have normal vision. Alice is colorblind. How is this possible? What are the genotypes of the children’s parents?

• Alice inherited Xc from both parents, making her XcXc; the parents' genotypes are XcY (father) and XCXc (mother).

• Alice inherited Xc from her mother only; the parents' genotypes are XcY (father) and XCXc (mother).

• Alice inherited Xc from her father only; the parents' genotypes are XcY (father) and XCXc (mother).

• Alice cannot be colorblind with these parents.

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The building blocks/monomers of DNA and RNA are:

• Amino acids

• Nucleotides

• Fatty acids

• Monosaccharides

A nucleotide is made of:

• A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

• A protein and a lipid

• A carbohydrate and a fat

• A vitamin and a mineral

The purpose of DNA replication is:

• to produce energy for the cell

• to create an identical copy of DNA

• to synthesize proteins

• to break down nutrients

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