Pretest Neovascular AMD

Among the four agents tested in this study, one of them is the new agent Ziv-Aflibercept. The reason for using Ziv-Aflibercept in this study is:

• It has lower osmolarity than Aflibercept

• It has higher systemic effects

• It is less expensive and has not been proven to be toxic

• It is widely used in developed countries

What is the purpose of the Treat-and-Extend (T&E) protocol in neovascular AMD therapy?

• To gradually increase the number of injections

• To reduce the frequency of visits and injections while maintaining outcomes

• To provide treatment only when visual decline occurs

• To administer injections without follow-up examination

What is a hallmark feature of the exudative (neovascular) form of AMD?

• Thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium

• Accumulation of lipofuscin

• Growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina

• Loss of accommodation

If research data do not meet the assumption of normality, which non-parametric test can be used to compare two independent variables?

• Wilcoxon test

• Mann-Whitney test

• Paired t-test

• Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

What qualifies as a major recurrence in the Treat-and-Extend protocol for neovascular AMD therapy?

• Presence of mild intraretinal fluid without visual loss

• Presence of subretinal fluid without visual acuity changes

• Vision loss of more than 6 letters and/or foveal hemorrhage

• No fluid on OCT but increased intraocular pressure

What is the treatment step if a minor recurrence occurs in the Treat-and-Extend protocol?

• Injection interval is reset to monthly

• Interval is reduced by 3 weeks

• Interval is reduced by 2 weeks

• Patient is switched to the PRN protocol

What was the main result of the LUCAS study comparing the effectiveness of Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab?

• Both were equally effective with slight differences in safety

• Ranibizumab was significantly more effective than Bevacizumab

• Bevacizumab was significantly more effective than Ranibizumab

• Neither was effective for wet AMD

What is considered the gold standard therapy for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)?

• Photocoagulation laser therapy

• Intravitreal corticosteroids

• Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy

• Antioxidant vitamin supplementation (AREDS)

What is the intravitreal injection dosage used for Aflibercept and Ranibizumab in nAMD?

• Aflibercept 1.0 mg/0.05 ml and Ranibizumab 0.5 mg/0.1 ml

• Aflibercept 2.0 mg/0.05 ml and Ranibizumab 0.5 mg/0.05 ml

• Aflibercept 0.5 mg/0.05 ml and Ranibizumab 2.0 mg/0.1 ml

• Aflibercept 1.25 mg/0.1 ml and Ranibizumab 0.5 mg/0.1 ml

One important pharmacological difference between Aflibercept and Ziv-Aflibercept that should be considered is:

• Ziv-Aflibercept has lower VEGF binding affinity

• Ziv-Aflibercept has higher osmolarity compared to Aflibercept

• Aflibercept has a much higher pH

• Aflibercept contains preservatives, while Ziv-Aflibercept does not