Week 4, 5, 6 ELSI5

According to Spillane, accountability mechanisms influence principals by:

• Minimizing their workload

• Replacing instructional leadership duties

• Shaping instructional priorities and daily practices

• Encouraging more funding initiatives

In Chile, one of the challenges principals face is:

• Lack of national exams

• Dual accountability systems (state and market)

• Too many professional development opportunities

• Autonomy from regulations

Which of the following is NOT highlighted by Spillane as a challenge in managing accountability?

• Organizational legitimacy

• Stakeholder diversity

• Fixed state budgets

• Organizational integrity

In New Zealand, accountability remains strong despite:

• A lack of leadership training

• Limited school funding

• A self-managing school system

• No external evaluations

According to Ståhlkrantz, principals often use which of the following strategies to navigate institutional expectations?

• Total compliance

• Gatekeeping and buffering

• Avoiding responsibilities

• Hiring external consultants

The term "boundary practice" refers to:

• Independent work of principals

• Classroom management methods

• Shared routines connecting different communities of practice

• A policy that excludes superintendent input

"Loose coupling" in school systems implies:

• Strong central governance

• Clear lines of communication

• Weak links between different levels of the organization

• Lack of school improvement strategies

According to Matsumoto, UAE’s educational reform struggles with:

• Shortage of international teachers

• Too much reliance on Arabic

• Misalignment between policies and cultural context

• Excessive university enrollment

The term "policy borrowing" in the UAE context refers to:

• Developing unique internal reforms

• Importing successful global models without adaptation

• Consulting only local stakeholders

• Encouraging student input on education reform

One major recommendation from Matsumoto’s review is to:

• Increase textbook budgets

• Reduce Arabic instruction

• Study the cultural impact of imported policies

• Rely more on foreign labor