Cell Biology

A cell is accumulating worn-out organelles and cellular waste. Which structure is most likely malfunctioning?

• Vacuole

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosome

• Smooth ER

Which sequence best represents the correct path of a protein destined for export from the cell?

• Ribosome → Smooth ER → Golgi apparatus → Cytoplasm

• Ribosome → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Plasma membrane

• Ribosome → Cytoplasm → Mitochondrion → Nucleus

• Golgi apparatus → Rough ER → Lysosome → Plasma membrane

A plant cell placed in a highly concentrated salt solution begins to shrink. Which organelle is primarily responsible for this water movement?

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Vacuole

• Cell membrane

Which structure would be absent in a cheek cell but present in an onion epidermal cell?

• Plasma membrane

• Mitochondrion

• Cell wall

• Nucleus

A scientist notices that certain proteins meant to be secreted by the cell are building up in the cytoplasm and not reaching the membrane. Which structure is most likely damaged?

• Smooth ER

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosome

• Ribosomes

A microbiologist examines a new microorganism and observes that its DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm, and it lacks any visible internal compartments. This organism most likely belongs to which group?

• Plant

• Fungi

• Animal

• Bacteria

A saltwater fish placed in freshwater swells and dies quickly. At the cellular level, what structure failed to regulate this imbalance? Which organelle or structure is directly responsible?

• Cell membrane

• Golgi body

• Cytoskeleton

• Centriole

Immune cells from a patient with a rare genetic disorder cannot “remember” previous infections and don’t produce antibodies effectively. Which cellular part may not be processing the DNA instructions correctly?

• Golgi apparatus

• Vacuole

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

A student compares a cheek cell and an onion skin cell under the microscope. One has a rigid structure around it; the other doesn't. What is the rigid structure, and which cell has it?

• Plasma membrane; both cells

• Cell wall; onion skin cell

• Cytoskeleton; cheek cell

• Central vacuole; cheek cell

Which conclusion is valid?

• Ribosomes are the only universal cell structure

• All cells perform photosynthesis

• Bacteria have mitochondria for respiration

• Chloroplasts are found in animal and bacterial cells