NYS Bio Regents Prep 2.0

Studying fossils provides evidence for evolution because fossils

• take a long time to form

• can show patterns of biological change over time

• always contain complete DNA sequences

• found in the same area are usually closely related to each other

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Sexually reproduced offspring have traits similar to their parents because they receive

• all of the proteins from each parent

• some of the proteins from both parents

• all of the genes present in both parents

• some of the genes present in each parent

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Which row in the chart below correctly pairs a group of organisms with the type of nutrition they carry out?

• carnivores - herbivores

• decomposers - carnivores

• herbivores - producers

• producers - decomposers

Rubber usually comes from petroleum or from the Asian rubber tree plant. Scientists have modified a single trait in the domestic plant, guayule, to increase its ability to produce rubber for commercial use. Young guayule plants are shown in the photograph below. The process that was most likely used to modify the plants’ trait and increase their natural rubber production was

• selective breeding of two similar plant varieties

• genetic recombination during sexual reproduction

• genetic engineering to alter a specific gene

• fertilizing the plants with key substances found in petroleum

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Which molecules are normally found in single-celled organisms?

• organic molecules, only

• inorganic molecules, only

• both organic and inorganic molecules

• neither organic nor inorganic molecules

Hammerhead sharks are unlike most other shark species. Nearly all shark species either lay eggs or give birth to live young after their eggs hatch internally. Hammerhead sharks form a placenta, a structure more commonly found in mammals, such as humans. One role of the placenta in the development of offspring is normally to

• produce blood cells

• produce gametes

• provide milk

• transfer nutrients

PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a method for carrying out DNA replication. In order to perform this technique, a scientist would need

• a DNA template, ATP, and 20 different amino acid subunits

• enzymes, several types of simple sugars, and starch molecules

• a DNA template, enzymes, and subunits with A, G, T, and C bases

• enzymes, specific receptor molecules, and several hormones

A student used a microscope to examine some cells. He observed strands located in the nuclei of these cells. These strands are responsible for coding different proteins and are known as

• chromosomes

• mitochondria

• ribosomes

• chloroplasts

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Farmers have been planting crops that express an insecticide gene, so that when pests consume these crops, the pests are poisoned. Unfortunately, since these plants were introduced in 1996, growing numbers of insect pests have developed resistance to the insecticide. The process that led to the insect resistance can best be explained by

• ecological succession

• selective breeding

• asexual reproduction

• natural selection

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Killer whales are an endangered species. The decline in the whales’ numbers has been linked to poor nutrition, resulting in the inability to maintain a pregnancy. This risk to developing whale embryos is most likely a result of

• an environmental factor not associated with the embryo’s genes

• an infection caused by the embryo’s exposure to a pathogen

• faults in the genes of the embryo itself

• toxins that are introduced into the mother from the embryo’s blood

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